Ecophilex 86. (19876-12)

Pakistan Post Office is holding the first Economic Cooperation Organization Philatelic Exhibition to be known as \"ECOPHILEX 86\" from 20 December to 24 December, 1986 in the Jamil Nishter Auditorium of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan at Islamabad. This Exhibition shall be inaugurated by Mr. Mohammad Khan Junejo, Prime Minister of Pakistan.
More than 2600 exhibits from the ECO member countries i.e. Iran, Turkey and Pakistan shall be displayed which consist of more than 20,000 stamps, First Day Covers and items of postal history and stationery which include valuable and historic collections of eminent philatelists from Turkey, Iran and Pakistan.
Exhibits are classified into two categories namely \"NON- COMPETITIVE\" and \"COMPETITIVE\". \"NON-COMPETITIVE\" is by invitation only and has the following groups:-
i) Court of Honour
ii) Official Class
iii) Jury Class
iv) Other Collections invited by the Organizing Committee.
The Official Group includes exhibits from the:
a) Postal Administrations of Turkey, Iran and Pakistan.
b) Postal Museums of the ECO Member Countries.
c) Security Printers of the ECO Member Countries.
The \'COMPETITIVE\' category is divided into seven (7) different groups namely \"COLLECTIONS FROM TURKEY, IRAN AND PAKISTAN\", \"REST OF THE WORLD\", \"THEMATICS\", \"AEROPHILATELY\", \"POSTAL HISTORY AND POSTAL STATIONERY\", \"PHILATELIC LITERATURE\" and \"YOUTH\"
The following different events are being celebrated on each day of the exhibition:-
20 December, INAUGURATION DAY
21 December, ECO DAY
22 December, YOUTH DAY
23 December, STAMP TRADE DAY
24 December, AWARDS DAY
Five different postmarks as reproduced above, will be used within the Exhibition Hall to celebrate each day of the exhibition.
Gold, Silver and Bronze medals and certificates shall be awarded in each group of \'COMPETITIVE\' category on the basis of the decision by the panel of jury appointed for this purpose. Special prizes/medals have also been placed at the disposal of the jury to be awarded to the exhibits meriting special recognition. Special Medallions/Souvenir shields shall also be presented to invitees in the \'NON-COMPETITIVE\' category.
A number of special issues are being brought out on the 20th December to commemorate the \'ECOPHILEX 86\' which include, apart from commemorative stamps, First Day Covers and Leaflets, special (pocket size) calendars for the year 1987 containing reproduction of stamps on different subjects/themes with the \'ECOPHILEX 86\' emblem, and an up to date official Pakistan postage stamps catalogue. (This is in addition to the Souvenir Pakistan postage stamps catalogues being brought out by a few eminent philatelists of Pakistan on \"ECOPHILEX 86\") and a booklet containing glossary of philatelic terms and abbreviations. Some quantity of the existing 80 Paisa envelopes has also been printed with the emblem of \'ECOPHILEX 86\' for sale through the Post Offices and Philatelic Bureaus of the country. Besides, an attractive Brochure on ECOPHILEX 86 containing highly informative articles on philately and Souvenir Postcards have also been released on the occasion with the courtesy and compliments of the ADBP.
To commemorate \'ECOPHILEX 86\' Pakistan Post Office is issuing on December 20, 1 986 a set of 3 commemorative postage stamps in se-tenant depicting Selimiye Mosque at Edirne in Turkey, Mosque of Gawhar Shad at Mashed in Iran and Grand Mosque at Bhong (Rahimyar Khan) in Pakistan.
(This Grand Mosque has recently won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture). Each stamp values Rs. 3/-.

Wildlife Series - Marcopolo Sheep. (1986-11)

Marcopolo Sheep is a majestic and magnificent animal but it is an endangered species throughout its habitat in Pakistan, China and Afghanistan. Pakistan Wildlife Conservation Foundation has adopted this sheep as its symbol.
Marcopolo Sheep is recognised by the very long outward curving horns, developed in the mature males. An aged ram is surely one of the most impressive animals being not only the bearer of massive spiraling horns which can span a man\'s outstretched arms, but also being almost twice the height and size of most other wild or domestic sheep. In Summer the colour is sandy-reddish. In winter the animal looks bulkier and slightly grayer with much white about the neck and chest in old rams.
They inhabit very high mountain plateau regions subjected to severely cold winds and rather arid climatic conditions throughout the year and are only found from about 4500 m upto 6100 m in the Pamir range of mountains. Marcopolo sheep migrates in early Winter from Chinese Turkestan across the Khunjerab Pass into Northern Hunza. It also migrates in winter from the Hindukush Mountains across the Killick Pass further to the Northern West and also into Hunza.
On these exposed rocky slopes Marcopolo Sheep can find Winter forage which is apparently not available on the Northern facing slopes and higher parts of Pamir where snow lies deeper. In the early spring these sheep again migrate northwards into Chinese Turkestan or Afghan Territory and the lambs are born outside Pakistan.
This is a gregarious species, generally congregating in herds of a dozen or more individuals.
These herds consist of females with their sub-adult young and immature males. Outside rutting season mature rams live in small bands of two or three, rarely upto five or six occurring together. Female herds live and feed at lower elevations while rams remain in the more remote valley higher up the permanent snow line. They confine their feeding activity to a few hours just after dawn and again become active in the evening. During the middle of the day they retreat to some higher boulder strewn ridges where they lie down. They have extremely good eyesight and sense of smell and are always very wary and difficult to approach. If domestic livestock intrude upon their feeding ground they will often retreat into another valley.
They graze mainly on the scattered bunches of grass. In Summer months this grass grows almost knee high in some parts of Pamir and the animals become quite fat. In Winter they suffer from food scarcity, especially the females which feed on lower slopes and face more competition from domestic sheep and goat flocks kept by the Nomadic Kirghiz. The rams remaining at higher elevations, inaccessible in female flocks, appear to keep in better condition. The rut takes place later in November extending even to early December. The gestation period appears to be about 51/2 months with only a single or occasionally twin lambs being born in May and June.
Marcopolo Sheep maintain instraspecific contact by means of the pedal scent glands and their white caudal areas. When danger threatens, flocks tend to bunch together, stamp their feet and after running some distance away stop and turn to face the danger.
Population of the sheep visiting Pakistan during Winter has decreased to a few hundred mainly due to excessive exploitation and degradation and destruction of habitat. It is now protected by law in Pakistan. Its hunting, trapping and export including products, trophies other parts and derivatives is banned. It is included in Appendix-II of the convention on International Trade in endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Cites) due to which trade in live specimens, trophies etc. is regulated throughout the world. Its habitat has been designated Khunjerab National Park. Its fate in Pakistan could further improve if domestic livestock is not grazed in its habitat. If its illegal hunting is stopped effectively and if local poor people, who are forced to do subsistence hunting are provided meat and beef as an alternative.
All Pakistanis can help to preserve this most beautiful sheep in the country through a fund raising and publicity campaign.
(Contributed by the National Council for Conservation of Wildlife, Islamabad).
To focus world attention on the need to protect this vulnerable Wildlife species Pakistan Post Office is issuing one special postage stamp of Rs. 2/- value depicting \"Marcopolo Sheep\" on December 4, 1986 on the eve of Wildlife Conservation Seminar being inaugurated by the President of Pakistan, General Mohammad Ziaul Haq. It is a part of the series on Wildlife stamps being issued by Pakistan Post Office since 1975.

4th Asian Cup Table Tennis Tournament. (1986-10)

Table Tennis, first known as ping pong, was originally developed in England as a social pastime. In its primitive form, with equipment and rules of the game being at variance, it was played by university undergraduates and army officers. According to the British Museum Library catalogues there were no fewer than 14 instructional books available in the second half of the 19th century.
Rackets were then of wood, cardboard or gut, surfaced sometimes by cork, sandpaper or webbing; balls of cork or rubber; nets of different height and tables varying in size. The rival would be organizers had also their own systems of play and scoring.
The import of the toy celluloid balls from the US - and the ping pong sound they produced when struck by the long handled hollow vellum rackets - was a welcome development. The game leaped to the status of a turn-of-the-century fashionable craze.
In 1902 the invention of pimpled rubber as a racket surface, and the resulting control of spin and speed, produced a minor boom in Central Europe as well. And in 1922, following the First World War, some English veterans and newcomers - among them J.J. Payne Percival Bromfield and Ivor Montagu - drew up a carefully considered code of laws of play, which soon became generally accepted.
The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was founded in 1926, with a few playing modifications in the Code. England, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Wales and, from outside Europe, only India took part in the deliberations. The present ITTF membership comprises 130 countries, including 37 from Asia. Pakistan was granted affiliation in 1951-52.
The world championships, also dating back to 1926, remained the exclusive domain of the Europeans for nearly 25 years, until England\'s two-time winner of the men\'s title, J. Leach, made room for H. Satoh of Japan in 1952.
Before Leach, Hungary\'s R. Jacobi, Z. Mechlovits, G.V. Barna, M. Szabados and F. Sido, England\'s F.J. Perry and R. Bergmann, and Czechoslovakia\'s S. Kolar and B. Vana held the title, the greatest of them all being Barna who won it five times, four in a row, between 1930 and 1935. Bergmann, an Austrian by birth, had the longest spell, spread over 13 years, during which he was crowned four times.
In the women\'s section, Romania\'s A. Rozeanu delayed the arrival of an Asian Champion with her consistency in winning the titles. She took part in six world championships, without failing, completed her second hat-trick of the titles at the age of 34 and left behind her a glorious trail for I. Okawa, of Japan, to follow in the 1956 championships.
Among the forerunners, Hungary\'s M. Mednyanszky stood out. She was the first to wear the crown which she retained in the next four championships. Compatriots A. Sipos and G. Farkas, Czechoslovakia’s M. Kettnerova and V. Depetrisova, American R. H. Aarons and G. Pritzi of Austria, were the other European winners of the women\'s singles title.
From Asia, the Japanese continued to make their presence felt until China emerged, in 1961 as the potent force and successfully staked its claim to the men\'s team and individual trophies. Chuang Tse-tung led the Chinese assault which remained unmatched in the next two world championships. At Ljubljana (1965) China also added the women\'s team title to their credit.
But Japan came back with a bang two years later and except for the men\'s doubles, carried everything before them in Stockholm.
Indeed, the founding of the Asian Table Tennis Union (ATTU) in May 1972 by 16 countries - one of them Pakistan - gave further flip to the game in the region. While, on one hand, it helped sustain the pace of progress in China and Japan; on the other, it brought many other nations, particularly Democratic People\'s Republic of Korea, in fighting line for top honours.
For Pakistan players the ATTU has proved no less a boon. They gained confidence and were able to give improved performance in both the world and Asian Championships. They went up a category in world ratings and rose to finish sixth in Asia. Farjad Saif, Arif Khan and Nazo Shakoor figure in the draws for the 4th Asia Cup, being played in Karachi from November 25.
They are certainly the flag-bearers of Pakistan table tennis.
(Contributed by the Chairman, Organising Committee Asian Cup Table Tennis Tournament, Karachi).
Pakistan Post Office is issuing a special postage stamp of Rs. 2.00 denomination on November 25, 1986 to focus attention on the game of Table Tennis and the distinction Pakistan Holds in this field.

International Year of Peace - 1986. (1986-9)

The United Nations system today is the only universal system charged with the responsibility of maintaining international peace and promoting the economic development and social progress of all peoples on this planet.
As the principal international instrument dedicated to the harmonization of the actions of nations towards these ends, the United Nations system has, over the past forty years, made a significant contribution to progress in such diverse areas as maintenance of peace and security, de-colonization, disarmament, economic and social development, promotion of international law, human rights, development of human resources, protection of and assistance to refugees, disaster relief, transportation and communications, and protection and enhancement of environment. Above all, it has helped to prevent the outbreak of a new global conflagration.
Nevertheless, the peaceful world foreseen in the Charter is far from assured. The danger of a nuclear catastrophe casts a dark shadow over all people and threatens the very existence of present and future generations. Smoldering regional conflicts continue to pose an ominous threat to international peace, while levying a heavy toll on human lives.
At the recent fortieth anniversary commemorative session, strong support for the United Nations system was expressed by world leaders. There was, at the same time, a broad consensus among Member States on the urgent need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations, especially in the maintenance of international peace and security.
In view of the current state of international affairs, the unanimous decision by the General Assembly to declare 1986 as the International Year of Peace is both timely and opportune. The proclamation of the Year and its observance is directed to mobilize the international community to work together to remove existing obstacles to peace and to take positive steps towards creating a safer and more peaceful world. To build peace for the future - the main objective of the International Year of Peace - requires not only concern about the danger of war but also, as never before, the commitment and political will of all States and the determination and hard work of peoples throughout the world.
The United Nations has helped on many occasions to prevent the outbreak of conflict and violence in various regions of the world. The efforts of the United Nations must be complemented by action and support at the national, regional and inter-regional levels if a true climate of international understanding is to be created.
The International Year of Peace provides an opportunity for all Member States to commit themselves a new to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and to seek means of developing further the role and effectiveness of the Organization in building and maintaining international peace and security.
The International Year of Peace lays an international foundation for thought and action at every level in the promotion and maintenance of peace. This year is not a simple celebration, but an opportunity for dedicated and continuing action.
According to the Programme of the International Year of Peace contained in the secretary-general’s report to the General Assembly, the Heads of all organizations within the United Nations system would issue a joint statement in observance of the Year. The statement would present the United Nations system as acting for Peace in various fields and through various fields and through various activities.
The organizations of the United Nations system will endeavour to promote the objectives of the Year through activities in their particular areas of competence. Efforts are being made to raise public awareness and support for the work currently being undertaken by the United Nations system in fulfillment of the principles and purposes of the Organization. While calling attention to the achievements of the United Nations system in the political, economic, social, cultural, humanitarian, legal, environmental and other fields, all organizations within the system are also emphasizing the need for further strengthening of inter-national co-operation in order to cope better with current and future challenges.
Given the nature and cope of many contemporary problems, concerted action within the global community is required if global policies for cooperation and workable strategies for continued growth and development are to be elaborated. The International Year of Peace provides a valuable opportunity for the organizations of the United Nations system to encourage serious reflection on the factors that have contributed to international peace during the past four decades and to consider what must be done to ensure that future generations are spared the scourge of war.
To highlight the International Year of Peace, Pakistan Post Office is issuing a special postage stamp of Rs. 4/- value on November 20, 1986.

Centenary of Aitchison College Lahore. (1986-8)

Aitchison College Lahore was established in 1886 as Aitchison Chiefs\' College for the grooming of the elite of the Province and the Indian States in the region. Only the sons of the esteemed Chiefs of Punjab and its adjacent States could seek admission and the College would award its own Diploma/Certificate, recognized by the British Raj as a license to enter any official career. The objective was to bring up local gentlemen in the traditions of British gentlemen through whom it would be easier and convenient for the British Raj to establish and stabilize itself.
However, with the passage of time in the 1930\'s Chiefs\' College assumed the role of a Public School where a gentleman of poise and balance with character and qualities of leadership was brought up to assume the command of the future. The education became more meaningful and broad based and the definition of the elite was extended to include the people who had achieved distinction in any walk of life: The army of servants which accompanied the early sons of the rulers disappeared and the boys had to look after themselves and go about in life on their own steam. The College started taking the regular Public examination conducted by the Cambridge University Syndicate. Thu educational horizon of the Institution got enlarged in all aspects including academics.
In 1947, the British left. The Sub-Continent was partitioned and the Independent State of Pakistan came into being and cast its own shadow on the set-up of the Institution and lent a new purpose and meaning to its undertaking. Now the objective was to produce leadership not only in the realm of politics but in professional. technical, scientific, administrative and industrial fields. The curriculum included the subjects of Science, Mathematics and Economics besides English, History and other Social Sciences in order to bring up gentlemen well-equipped with sound intellect and a scientific bent of mind necessary to appreciate and participate in the progressive and rapidly developing and technically sophisticated society of today and tomorrow.
The Institution has made its mark on the national scene by visible assemblage of leadership in all fields. It has produced politicians, industrialists, professional technocrats and sportsmen at the national and international level whose merit was recognized by their contemporaries. Aitchison alone has made such a significant contribution towards the development of the intellectual capability and scholastic education of the country that it can claim to be a seat of learning which aims at nothing less than excellence in whatever it undertakes.
Aitchison started with 12 students and 3 teachers in 1886. Today it has expanded within the Campus like a bee-hive containing 2500 students and 125 teaching staff. The other administrative staff exceeds 500. The 176 acres of the Campus were once full of gardens, orchards and fields but now these have been converted into the best playing fields/grounds and lawns ~f the country. The College Riding School comprisingA0 horses is the only School of its kind in the country. The riders of Aitchison are the live wire at the National Horse and Cattle Show every year.
Where it has stuck to its traditional set-up, it has also undergone a radical change in its outlook from within. The customs, traditions and habits of an institution are its character and they are being retained as such but the exploration of the mind is the focus of interest in the educational gestalt of Aitchison.
Aitchison is an ever-expanding institution and its aspirations and the will to achieve excellence extend beyond all conceivable horizons.
To commemorate the Centenary of Aitchison College Lahore, Pakistan Post Office is issuing one postage stamp of Rs. 2.50 value on November 3, 1986.

Child Survival And Development. (1986-7)

The Government of Pakistan and UNICEF are engaged in a cooperative programme to promote child survival and development. Despite the crisis which looms large over the life and health of children in Pakistan, there are sanguine indications that potential for progress is enormous.
The technology and the knowledge now exist which can drastically reduce the infant mortality and morbidity rate by mobilising all sections of the society.
The postal campaign is designed to imbibe the parents with this new knowledge about child protection which can greatly curtail the incidence of disease and death among children within a relatively short space of time. In brief these simple health measures are:
1. Growth Monitoring
2. Oral Dehydration Therapy
3. Immunization
4. Breast feeding
1. GROWTH MONITORING:
Malnutrition afflicts infants early and is sometimes invisible even to the mothers. It starts a vicious circle which is self perpetuating and claims the lives of thousands of children. For mothers, a visual aid like the growth chart will make the weight gain pattern of the child visible. Weight is a vital measure of health and growth, and malnutrition is the most fundamental cause of childhood debility and ultimately death. The regular plotting of a child’s weight alerts mothers to any faltering in growth, which can then be countered by extra food or medical attention.
2. ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY:
Acute diarrheal diseases are the major killers of children claiming 30 to 40 percent of deaths. Caused through dehydration, such deaths could be averted with oral dehydration solution (ORS), available in a prepackaged mix or easily made at home with three simple ingredients; sugar, salt and clean water.
3. IMMUNIZATION:
The six most common infectious diseases which directly claim the lives of almost 60 percent of children in Pakistan are easily immunizable. Under the Accelerated Health Programme launched by the government in 1983, the percentage of children immunized against the major diseases has risen from 2 percent in 1982 to 70 percent in 1986. To reduce infant mortality, Pakistan is committed to achieve complete immunization coverage by 1990. Immunization of infants begins with vaccination of mother during pregnancy against tetanus.
4. BREAST FEEDING:
Breast milk is the ideal infant food, being nutritious and providing immunity against many infections. It is an established fact that the babies fed on the bottle are more vulnerable to malnu-trition, diarrhea, infection and ultimately death. The promotion of breast feeding is an important determinant of healthy growth and mental development of children.
To highlight the Child Survival Postal Campaign, Pakistan Post Office is issuing one postage stamp of 80 Paisa value on October 28, 1986.

International Literacy Day. (1986-6)

The International Literacy Day is celebrated throughout the world on September 8th, every year in accordance with re-solution adopted at the 14th session of UNESCO held in 1968 provides an excellent opportunity to build up public opinion about the importance and the dimensions of the struggle against illiteracy. The significance of the International Literacy Day is, in fact, greater for Pakistan as one of the countries having a very low literacy rate in the world.
Illiteracy continues to be one of the most pressing world-wide problem, It is one of those problems which along with hunger sickness and unemployment has aroused the greatest response in term of international collaboration. This collaboration is manifest both at the level of public opinion and in the form of exchange and assistance.
Worldwide, about one fourth of the population is illiterate. The problems of illiteracy is particularly very grave and severe in Asia and the pacific region where about 64% of the worlds illiterate people reside.
In Pakistan according to 1981 Census there were 42.7 millions illiterates within the age group of 10 years and above. The overall literacy rate was assessed to be 26.6%. The rate of literacy has increased from 21.7% in September, 1972 to 26.2% in March, 81 i.e. at an annual rate of half percent. There are sharp differences in literacy ratio of mate and female population. Similarly, there are sharp difference in rural and urban literacy rates.
The ratio swings from 55.3 percent for urban males to distressingly low 7.3 percent for rural females; There are also differences amongst the provinces. Sind has the highest literacy ratio (31.5 percent) followed by the Punjab (27.4%), the NWFP (16.7%). Islamabad, is the only administrative area where the majority of the population is literate.
Out of 13 million people who have had some level of education, 46 percent had passed primary education, 23 percent middle and 20% Matric. After Matric, the percentage falls to 5.9% for intermediate 3.8% for B.A./B.Sc. and only 1% for M.A./M.Sc. The percentage of engineering and medical graduates was 0.28 and 0.25 respectively and 0.28 per law graduates.
Out of total population who had passed primary, middle and Matric the percentages of female were only 30.7, 24.6 and 23.5 respectively. Out of Medical graduates 22.3 percent were females. Females law graduates were only 3.1%.
Clearly, the country’s rural folks lag for behind the urban population in literacy education.
After independence, the first organized literacy efforts were linked with the programme for rural development. The programme was launched in 1954 under the name of village AID. One of the objectives of this programme was the promotion of literacy. Special staff were recruited and trained for this purpose and ten thousand villages covered under this programme. The programme of literacy included provision of trained teachers, specially prepared teaching material and mobile, libraries of primers for neo-literates.
Another attempt to increase literacy was made during the fourth five year plan (1970-75) for the first time specific financial allocation was made for literacy programme and sum of Rs. 35 million was earmarked for this purpose. Since, then, a number of literacy programmes have been implemented by govern-ment and non-government agencies. However, due to limited and unsystematic efforts, no break-through has been achieved in the field of literacy on national level.
Due to high population growth and the resulting increase in number of school-age children whom the formal education system could not take into its folds there was a great need to launch a national literacy programme to accommodate all the children of school-age group and the drop-outs along with the other illiterates of the country.
After the Education Policy of 1978 and as part of the National Hijra Centenary celebrations, the following three-tier system for promotion of literacy was set up:
a. National Coordination Council for Literacy and Mass Education Commission.
b. Literacy and Mass Education Commission.
c. Provincial literacy and Mass Education Councils (In each Province.)
The Literacy and Mass Education Commission was established in 1981. The Commission has been assigned the following functions:
a. to cause surveys to be carried out to asses the status of literacy in the country.
b. to evolve strategies of formal education for the purpose of eradication of illiteracy and promotion of functional literacy.
c. to develop plans on literacy and non-formal mass education commensurate with the needs of the target population and make recommendations to the Federal Government.
to suggest measures to integrate the component of indigenous skills and vocations and Islamic teachings in literacy programmes.
e. to review the effectiveness of literacy and non-formal mass education programme, recommend improvements and arrange follow-up material for literacy.
The Literacy and Mass Education Councils have come into existence in all provinces including Azad Kashmir, through provincial legislation and Resolutions/Ordinances. These councils will be the main agencies for policy, planning, coordination, securing and disbursement of funds in the respective provinces and will serve as the major arms of the Literacy and Mass Education Commission for implementation of literacy programmes.
Recently, the Prime Minister has announced to start a crash programme for eradication of illiteracy. LAMEC has chalked out two projects i.e. Nai Roshani School and Iqra Pilot Project.
This programme is likely to start in September 1986. 24,400 new teachers and supervisors will be appointed to run evening Nai Roshani Schools in the country. Under this programme 16,50,000 children are expected to achieve primary level education and increase literacy rate - to 35%.
It will provide employment to over 48,000 people during four years. The Iqra Pilot Project is an experimental programme which on its successful completion will be replicated in the entire country. LAMEC is also working on new work oriented literacy programmes to provide literacy as well as skills.
To commemorate the International Literacy Day, Pakistan Post Office is issuing one postage stamp of Re. 1/- value on September 8, 1986.

Independence Day . (1986-5)

The first brick in the foundation of Pakistan was laid in 712 AD when Mohammad Bin Qasim anchored at Debal Port (now known as Karachi), freed the Muslim women and children from the prisons of Raja Dahir and constructed the first mosque at the town. Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah,, the Founder of Pakistan, acclaimed the event -\"the Pakistan movement started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of Sind, the Gateway of Islam in India\".
Pakistan movement is synonymous with the very spirit of Islam. The War of Independence in 1857 was an open manifestation of the Muslim spirit of revolt against the domination of the British Government and its stooges in India. Frustration and lack of direction, however, pervaded the ranks of Muslims after the unfortunate failure in War. At this critical juncture emerged Sir Syed Ahmad Khan who served as a beacon of light for the Muslim nation in distress and disarray.
He equated education with power and declared that the Muslims could improve their political, social and economic condition only through the medium of modern and scientific education. He cultivated the concept of a separate Muslim nation on the basis of religion, culture and history. He inspired the Muslims of the subcontinent to demand a separate homeland where they could arrange their lives and affairs of the state according to the dictates of Holy Quran and Sunnah.
After the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the Muslim leaders saw through the game of \"national\" movement and warned their people of the hovering dangers. In 1906, the Muslim League was founded as a challenge to the Indian National Congress. Maulana Hasrat Mohani presented a plan to the Government for the country envisaging two separate states for the Hindus and Muslims. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali further developed this concept. He displayed great wisdom and foresight by putting. forth not only e name but in large measure the scheme that culminated in the creation of Pakistan. Maulana Mohammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan spread the message of Pakistan through their lucid lectures and articles in newspapers.
The most outstanding contribution, however, came from Dr. Sir Mohammad lqbal, the great philosopher and poet and the symbol of Muslim nationalism. Pakistan ideology found ever clearer expression in his religio-philosophical, didactic and poetic works. At its base was the idea that spiritual unity founded on Islam was the most vital and integral element of national society. Islam emerges in this ideology as a form of national unity and absorbs all political thoughts. While presiding over the session of the All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, Dr. Iqbal\'s address represented the first clarion call for the establishment of an independent Islamic State in the sub-continent.
From 1937 onwards, Mr. Mohammad All Jinnah became identified in the Muslim mind with the concept of the charismatic community, the concept which answered their psychic need for endowing and sanctifying their sense of community with a sense of power. Increasingly did he become with the passage of time, the embodiment of Muslim national consensus. And this explains why and how Muslims acknowledged him as their Quaid.-e-Azam even before the launching of the Pakistan demand in March 1940. From now on events moved fast.
Due to the persistent intransigence of the Indian National Congress the Muslims were left with no alternative but to demand the partition of the sub-continent through the famous Lahore Resolution of 23 March 1940. It declared that no constitutional plan would be workable in the country or acceptable to the Muslims unless it was designed on the basic principle that geographically contiguous units were demarcated into regions in a manner that the areas in which the Muslims were numerically in a majority were grouped together to constitute an independent state.
After a hard and heroic struggle by the muslims of the sub-continent, the British Parliament was forced to approve the Indian Independence Act, 1947 leading to the birth of Pakistan on 14 August 1947. On this historic day, the Quaid-e-Azam while addressing the first session of Constituent Assembly of Pakistan in Karachi eulogized the services and sacrifices of the muslims of the sub-continent to achieve Pakistan, in the following words:-\"My thoughts are with the valiant fighters in our cause who readily sacrificed all they had, including their lives, to make Pakistan Possible\".
Thus the response of the millions of muslims, sacrificing their lives and homes, to the call of unity, faith and discipline from their Quaid-e-Azam firmly placed Pakistan on the world map.
Quaid-e-Azam was a great man and a great Muslim. He vehemently advocated morality in politics.
He declared that morality in politics was even more important than in private life because if you do something wrong in public you hurt and harm more people. He firmly believed in the Islamic system .of Government in which sovereignty belongs to Allah the Almighty. Quaid-e-Azam, therefore, affirmed the basic principles of an Islamic State by stating:
\"Fundamentally in an Islamic State, all authority rests with Allah the A/mighty. The Government business is conducted according to the Quranic principles and injunctions. Neither the Head nor the Parliament nor an individual nor an institution can act absolutely in any matter. Only the Quranic injunctions control our behaviour in society and politics. In other words, Islamic democracy is indeed the rule of Shariat laws\".
The present Government headed by Prime Minister Mohammad Khan .Junejo is earnestly endeavouring to translate the thoughts of Quaid-e-Azam into reality with an overwhelming mandate from the people.
To commemorate the 39th anniversary of the birth of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Pakistan Post Office is issuing a set of 2 stamps of 80 P and Re. 1 denominations on 14 August 1986.

25th Anniversary of Asian Productivity Organization (APO) (1986-4)

Asian Productivity Organization (APO) is an inter-governmental regional organization established in 1961 by several governments in Asia for enhancing their economic development.
The overall objectives of the APO are:-
a) Fostering mutual help.
b) Dissemination of knowledge.
c) Augmenting the national Productivity Organizations’ activities in the member countries.
d) Stimulation of productivity movement in the entire Asian region.
2. APO membership is open to all Asian countries who are members of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). Governments out-side the Asian Region may also become associate members of APO. At present 17 Asian countries are members of the APO.
3. The Agency holds conferences, symposia, seminars, sends out-side missions, offers services of technical experts, handles technical enquiries, conducts training courses, provides fellow-ships, gives faculty support to seminars in symposia in member countries, undertakes research and maintains statistical data and other relevant information on the activities of the National Productivity Organization in the member countries.
The sources of APO finance are:-
a) External assistance.
b) Special grants by member countries and international agencies.
c) Membership contribution fee.
d) Miscellaneous APO income.
4. The secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, is the executive arm of the governing body and is located in Tokyo, Japan. It functions in four divisions, viz., Research Planning, Industry, Agriculture, and Administration & Public Relations. The professional staff of the Secretariat are drawn from qualified persons amongst member countries.
5. A unique feature of the APO is its close relationship with the National Productivity Organizations (NPOs) which serve as focal points of productivity activities in the respective member countries. The heads of NPOs hold workshop meetings once a’year to exchange experiences, to review and work out APO’s long-term plans through the rolling five year plan for recommendation to the governing body. In a way, the workshop meeting of NPO heads, together with the Secretariat, serves as a planning committee for the governing body.
6. The APO is in regular contact with various international organizations and is in close co-ordination with such UN agencies as ESCAP, FAO, UNIDO. It enjoys consultative status on the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and is on the board of the ILO Training Centre in Turin, Italy. Staff members of UN agencies, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, etc. are often invited to take part in APO symposia and other projects of mutual interest whereas the APO is also represented at important meetings of these organizations.
7. Pakistan is a founder member of the APO and has been actively participating in all the programmes organized by it in the field of industry & agriculture.
To commemorate the 25th Anniversary of Asian Productivity Organization, Pakistan Post Office is issuing one postage stamp of Re. 1/-value on May 11,1986.

Centenary of Government S. E. College Bahawalpur. (1986-3)

Sadiq Egerton College, abbreviated as S. E. College was established consequent upon the recommendation of the Educational committee of former Bahawalpur State as early as 25th April, 1886. It was initially named Upper Egerton School, then upgraded as Bahawalpur Egerton College and finally in 1895 renamed as Sadiq Egerton College after the name of Late Nawab of Bahawalpur, Sir Muhammad Sadiq Khan Abbasi, the Fourth.
The Nawab of Bahawalpur lived up to the glorious traditions of his ancestors, the Abbasides by establishing this great institution. No tuition fee was charged in the beginning. Stipends were generously awarded to the students. In 1895 Bahawalpur State had, in addition to this seat of higher learning, three middle schools, two girl\'s schools, one school for the children of army personnel and thirty three primary schools.
S. E. College proved a milestone in imparting higher education to the people of the State in particular but its doors were also opened for people of other areas. The College stood as an Oasis in the desert between Lahore and Karachi. It catered to the educational needs of the people from far flung areas as far removed as Mianwali, Dera Ismail Khan and Quetta. It was on this firm foundation that an edifice of higher education was raised in this area which now can boast of 27 arts colleges, one medical college and an university.
The college was upgraded to degree classes (Arts in 1926 and Science in 1955). In 1922 the number of students was 22 which increased to 71 in 1923. Present strength of the students in Degree Classes is 1101 while in Inter Classes it is 1610, ninety six teachers are on the college staff.
COLLEGE BUILDING:
Originally the college was started in the old building of the Upper Egerton School. Col. Dulles the Political Agent !aid the foundation stone of the new college building in 1907 (now Sadiq Dane High School). After the Independence there was influx of refugees and the number of students increased all of a sudden. The College building could not meet the new requirements.
Consequently, a new building was constructed; the foundation stone was laid by Col. A. J. Dring on 7th June, 1950.
The present building is spread over 261 360 square feet with 29 class rooms, and several laboratories. The college has a spacious library with a reading room for students and a reference room for the teachers. The library has about 20,000 books. There are two hostels, which provide accommodation to 250 students. The college also has two playgrounds, a gymnasium, an auditorium a dispensary, and a big hall.
LITERARY ACTIVITIES:
The college brought Out in 1923 the first issue of the magazine (The Oasis) in English while the Urdu Section was called Nakhlistane Abed. Ahmed Nadim Qasmi, the renowned poet of Pakistan, Prof. M. D. Hasan a veteran educationist and Prof. Dilshad Kalanchivi, a well known Seraiki poet and winner of President\'s Award, have also been the editors of the college magazine. The Oasis had the privilege of publishing a letter of Dr. Sir Muhammad Iqbal and a message from the father of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Convocation addresses were delivered on different occasions by such eminent scholars as Mr. G. D. Sondhi, Rev. Dr. E. D. Lucas, Sir Abdul Qadir, Syed Suleiman Nadvi and Dr. Khalifa-Shujauddin. In addition to these people, Lord Dufferin & Lord Reading (Viceroys of India) also visited the college.
OTHER ACTIVITIES:
Sports were always encouraged in the college. The great hockey player Samiullah, is an old student of SE. College. 346 Rolls of Honour have so far been awarded to the talented students in sports, 93 on academic accomplishments and 88 in other activities since 1936-37. To carry this institution\'s traditions forward Old Boys Association was formed in 1923, which is now named as \'AL SADIQOQN\'.
To commemorate the Centenary of S.E. College Bahawalpur, Pakistan Post Office is issuing one postage stamp of Re. 11- value on April 25, 1986.

25 Years of ADBP 1961-1986. (1986-2)

The year 1986 marks the twenty five years of continuous endeavour of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) to the dedicated service of the farming community of Pakistan. Instituted on 18 February through Ordinance No. IV of 1961, the Bank Provides credit facilities to the agriculturists to meet short, medium and long-term loans for crop-raising, mechanizing, modernizing and commercializing farms, for fruits and vegetable afforestation, livestock and dairy development, poultry farming, bee keeping, sericulture, on-farm development, agro-processing and marketing industries etc.
Operational objectives of the Bank include, sound and substantial lending emphasis on small farmers, induction of innovative and adaptive technologies for agriculture in order to achieve a broad technology spread dove-tailed to ADBP’s Mobile Credit Officer (MCO) Supervised Credit Scheme. The thrust has been to increase production and productivity with a view to achieving self-sufficiency in food and increasing exportable surpluses to food-deficit countries. The process aims at equitable distribution of incomes and ameliorating the lot of rural poor.
The authorized capital of the ADBP which stood at Rs. 200 million in 1961 has increased to Rs. 800 million. The ADBP generates its loanable funds through its recoveries, borrowings from State Bank of Pakistan, augmented by suitable lines of credit from IDA, IBRD, IFAD, ADB and through bilateral agreements with donor countries under commodity loans and technical assistance programmes.
The Bank, with its Head Office located in Islamabad, has a four dimensional structure i.e. the Head Office, Regional Offices, Branch Offices and MCOs. The country is divided into 27 Regions each headed by a Regional Manager. The Bank has 205 branches, compared to 7 Regional and 40 Branch Offices at the time of inception. ADBP’s main operations (lending/recovery/technology induction) are carried out by 1200 MCOs, covering 36000 villages.
Bank’s dynamic leadership has been instrumental in increasing its annual lending from Rs. 32 million in 1961 to Rs. 417 million in 1979 to Rs. 4,168 million in 1985. Simultaneous with a quantum jump in its annual lending the Bank could shift from branch-based banking to village-based operations. The security-orienting lending criteria has changed to project based. Under the Supervised Credit Scheme the MCOs are carrying package of technology coupled with credit in order to ensure proper utilization of loans to accelerate the income generation process.
MCOs who are agricultural graduates and hail from the rural areas are instrumental in increasing sound and substantial lending and also in increasing repayments. Cumulative recoveries which stood at 78% in FY-79 has na-eased to highest ever level of 93% in FY.85.
Since late seventies there has been a growing emphasis on small farmers who form the backbone of agriculture sector in majority of the developing countries. ADBP responded to the challenge and in line with the policies of the GOP engineered ways and means to reach out to the small farmers. The small farms constitute 91% of the total farms in the Pakistan. Till FY-79 their share to total lending was 28% which over a period of six years has increased to 70% in FY-85.
Project lending introduced in FV-80 to help establish industries which have ‘pull’ and ‘push’ effect on agricultural sector as a whole has gained momentum. During the last 5 years total amount advanced (both in Foreign Currency and Pak Rupees) stood at Rs. 1 170.140 million for 160 projects with forward and backward linkage with agriculture.
An Agricultural Technology Department (ATDI with over 50 Subject Specialists has been established at the Head Office (Regional Technical Officer at regional level) to create a reservoir of knowledge for induction of new technologies among the farmers through its Supervised Credit Scheme implemented by the MCOs.
A quantum jump in lending operations of the Bank necessitated the establishment of computerization and office automation. The Bank’s computerization strategy is based on the concept of distributed data processing. Introduction of this facility has relieved the branches. of huge routine paper work and at the same time information flow to Head Office for the purpose of control and management has improved tremendously.
As a result of these steps the assets of the Bank have increased from Rs. 124 million in FY.61 to Rs. 12,291 million in FY-85. Simultaneously the Bank’s reserves have risen from Rs. 1.28 million in FY-62 to Rs. 704 million in FY-85. Total income has increased from Rs. 219 million in FY-79 to Rs. 1.061 million in FY-85 and the net profit from Rs.3.50 million to Rs. 362 million during the same period.
To commemorate twenty five years of the ADBP, Pakistan Post Office is bringing out a commemorative postage stamp of 60 P deno-mination on February 18. 1986.

Wildlife Series - Shaheen Falcon. (1986-1)

Peregrine Falcon or Shaheen Falcon is a powerful and alert bird with broad shoulders, black head, nape, and conspicuous moustachial stripes; throat and breast are white and rest of the parts ferruginous. Young birds \'vary but are blacker above, striped on breast and heavily barred on flanks. Female is larger, remains solitary or pairs on cliffs, rock pinnacles, above hill forts, etc. In comparison to Saker Falcon, Shaheen is very exacting in its demands.
Shaheen does not undergo the rigours of desert. Its feathers get easily broken and they quickly loose their luster and bloom in the hot climate. It needs careful feeding on natural food and is unable to keep fit on the red meat, which is good for Saker Falcon.
The peregrine falcon is a wanderer as the bird is completely adapted to long distance hunting on wings. A typical falcon with pointed wings has a swift and powerful flight on rapidly beating wings interspersed with long glides it also soars and does acrobatics. It is, perhaps, the fastest flyer known to man, It can fly at a speed of 240 K.M. an hour at a level but in diving after game it can develop a speed of 350 K.M. an hour. Being a very strong bird, usually kills its prey in the air by diving from a great height at a tremendous speed, striking its feet first in the air. Such dives or stoops have been timed at over 320 K.M. per hour. It kills its prey by crippling it and making it fall to the ground. It at once breaks neck of its prey with powerful wrench of its toothed beak. In its natural habitat waterfowls, waders such as ducks, snipes, curlews and upland birds like pigeons, partridges and quails etc. are its prey. Sometimes it attacks rabbits and mice also.
Peregrine falcons breed in the colder climate of Arctic region, Northern Europe and sea coasts of Europe. They build their nests in the rocks, and are not found far from water where they expect to meet their favourite prey and thus are named Bahri. Falcons migrate to Pakistan in early winter and inhabit lakes and coastal areas.
BIOLOGY:
In the breeding season pairs indulge in a spectacular aerial display; stooping at each other; looping and twisting with phenomenal speed. Nesting season lasts from March to May. Nest is composed of a platform of twigs, grass, etc: usually in bare scrape on cliff ledge especially on coastal cliffs. It lays 2 to 5 creamy eggs heavily speckled with red. It has been protected by law in Pakistan.
Measures aimed at conservation of falcons are needed if falconry is to continue. Falcon is at the top of food chain and thus serves as the best indicator of the level of pollution in the environment. Land use planning; management of the falcon, its prey and habitat; and use of pesticides are considered necessary if this beautiful and useful creation of God is to be saved from extinction.
To focus world attention on the need to protect and preserve this vulnerable wildlife species. Pakistan Post Office is issuing one special postage stamp of Rs. 1 .50 value depicting \"Shaheen Falcon\" on January 20, 1986. It is a part of the series on wildlife stamps being issued by Pakistan Post Office since 1975.