Quaid-e-Azam Birth Centenary 1876-1976 (December 25, 1976)

To commemorate the birth centenary of the Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad All Jinnah Pakistan Post Office is issuing a Commemorative Postage Stamp on 25th December 1976 The stamp has been printed by famous printers de Cartor SA, Paris, (France) by the special silk screen process (Serigraphy). Each stamp contains 25 mg. of 23/24 Carat Gold, has a size of 40X60 mm and l2 1/2 perforations.
The quantity of stamps printed is 500,000 in sheets of 10 stamps.
The stamp is vertical in format. The monocle profile of the Quaid-i-Azam is embossed in the middle in gold powder against a dark green background, which is enclosed by a golden border. The words ‘Centenary 1976’ are embossed on the golden border at the top and the words ‘Quaid-i Azam Mohammad All Jinnah’ appear in emboss at the bottom golden border. The words ‘Pakistan’ and ‘Postage’ appear along side the vertical border on the left and right respectively. The denomination Rs. 10 appears in reverse below the portrait in the bottom left corner of the dark green background.
The people of Pakistan are celebrating this year the birth centenary of the Father of the Nation, ‘Quaid-i-Azam’ Mohammad All Jinnah.
Exactly one hundred years ago on 25th December 1876 a child was born in a prominent mercantile family of Karachi who was destined to change the course of history in South Asia and to carve out a homeland for the Muslims of India where they could pursue their destiny according to their faith and ideology.
Quaid-i-Azam invites comparison with some of the greatest names in modern history. Yet, in the galaxy of nation-builders, he holds a unique position in as much as while others assumed the leadership of traditionally well defined nations and led them to freedom and prosperity, he created a nation out of a dis-organised and backward minority and established a national home for it.
After receiving early education in Karachi he sailed for England in 1892 and was called to the Bar from the Lincoln’s Inn in 1896. He returned to India the same year and started legal practice in Bombay High Court. The city of Bombay saw a tall, thin, finely groomed, meticulously dressed young man, with sharp penetrating eyes, a long face and thin lips, whose words were measured and whose tone was firm. He showed an unshaken determination in pursuing an argument and making a point. Even in those early days one could discern in him the making of a leader at the Bar and a leader in the country. He had courage, he had concentration, he had character, and he had perseverance and, notwithstanding a few years of early struggle, failure to him was unknown. In a very short time he established himself firmly in his profession and remained one of its leading luminaries till he gave it up finally to devote himself completely to the emancipation of the Muslims of India.
The political career of Quaid-i-Azam spanned a period of over four decades; but never once during all these forty and odd years did he lose his bearing or falter in the pursuit of his goal. Politics with him was a mission, not a profession or a pose. Regardless of all consequences to his personal fame or fortune he pursued the course of action he considered to be right with unrelenting vigour and determination. He Joined active politics in 1906 from the platform of the Indian National Congress. Four years later he was elected to the newly constituted Imperial Legislative Council. For about two decades he remained a confirmed nationalist and Gokhale, the foremost Hindu leader of his time while paying tribute to him said, he has true stuff in him and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity”. And in fact he did become the architect of Hindu-Muslim unity when he succeeded in bringing the two major communities together through the famous Lucknow pact of 1916. By 1917 he had established his reputation as one of the outstanding poli-tical leaders of India. He was playing a prominent role in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council while at the same time he was the President of the Muslim League and the Bombay branch of the Home Rule League. Political activities in the sub-continent became intense after the close of the first World War. The Rowlatt Act which gave wide powers to the executive was followed by a countrywide agitation and Quaid-i--Azam resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council as a protest against the passage of this bill. Next followed the tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh. In August 1920. the Treaty of Sevres was signed through which the Allies tried to dismember the Ottoman Empire and to reduce the Caliph to a non-entity. Sentiments against the British Government were running high and the Congress and the Muslim League Joined together in launching a violent agitation against the dismembe-rment of the Caliphate. Quaid-i-Azam who was a great constitutionalist and detested the use of violence in politics was averse to rousing the masses through emotional appeals. In his speech at the Calcutta Session of the League and the Nagpur Session of the Congress he tried to dissuade the people from the extremist course and to bring sanity into their counsel but he was silenced by the extremists. Consequently he resigned from the Congress and the Home Rule League and dissociated himself from active politics during the next few years, although he retained his membership of the Muslim League. Although he had left the Congress. he continued his efforts toward bringing about Hindu-Muslim entente. However, because of the deep distrust between the two communities and the failure of the Hindus to meet the genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts did not succeed. His disillusionment at the course of politics in the subcontinent prompted him to settle down in London in early thirties. In 1934 he returned to India to lead the Muslims again and started the re-organisation of the Muslim League as a mass organisation with a concrete and progressive political programme. In 1935 the Government of India Act was passed and the Muslim League began preparation to fight the coming elections. Quaid-i-Azam was chosen the President of the Central Election Board at the Muslim League Session of 1936 and he called upon his people to organise and play their part. “The Hindus and the Muslims”, he said, “must be organised separately and once they are organised they will understand each other better”. As a result of the elections held in 1936, the Congress emerged as the majority party in most of the provinces in India and took office in July 1937 in seven out of the eleven provinces. Its policy while in office convinced the Muslims that in the Congress scheme of things, they could live only as “second class” citizens. The Congress Gove-rnments had embarked upon a policy and programme in which the Muslims did not feel their language, religion and culture safe. Muslim consciousness was stirred to a new pitch and a hundred million Muslims who had till then been dismissed as a backward minority, discovered under the Quaid-i-Azam’s inspiration, their soul and destiny. From a mere rabble, they were transformed into a united, strong and self-conscious nation. And in March, 1940, the Muslim League in its Session held at Lahore passed the historic Pakistan Resolution and launched the demand for a Muslim homeland in the Muslim majority areas of the subcontinent. During the next six years the Muslims of India had to carry on a hard and bitter struggle for the achievement of their goal and through their leader’s deep—rooted strength of conviction, indomitable courage, political tact and tenacity of purpose they finally succeeded in securing a homeland for themselves and Pakistan came into being on the 14th of August 1947.
The Quaid was seventy-one when Pakistan was born. He was spared by God only for one year to set the ship of the new state on its keel. Even during the brief period of his Governor-General-ship he strove hard to lay down correct precedents for the growth of a democratic tradition in Pakistan. In spite of his immense prestige and popularity he conducted himself strictly as a constitutional head of the state and never deviated from democratic conventions and constitutional propriety. Indeed he was always anxious to uphold people’s sovereignty against any constitutional ambiguity.
He died on September 11,1948, mourned by a grateful nation but as one of the great immortals of history.
What the Quaid-i-Azam achieved for the Muslims of South Asia deserves to be written in letters of gold. To express the nation’s gratitude to such a revered leader on the occasion of his 100th birth anniversary the Pakistan Post office has produced a postage stamp with the effigy of the Quaid-i-Azam in real gold powder, each stamp containing 25 milligram of 23/24 carat gold. The stamp has been printed by de Cartor SA of France by Serigraphy process and it is the first Postage Stamp in the manufacture of which this new process has been used.

Children Literature (December 15, 1976)

Stamp is vertical in format. Two Children, a boy and a girl are shown absorbed in reading. The Caption “CHILDREN’S LITERATURE” appears at the top of the stamp in red. The denomination figure “20p” appears in blue in the top right corner while the word ‘POSTAGE’ appears below it along the right side of the stamp.
‘PAKISTAN’ in English and Urdu appears in black at the bottom of the stamp. A thin black line encloses the stamp from all sides.
“Child is the father of man” says an old proverb. Childhood is the most impressionable age. It is at this stage of life that the bases of responsible adulthood are laid. No nation can afford to loose sight of the most important requirement of this age—the acquisition of knowledge by-the inquisitive child who has an insatiable craving for learning more and more about the world. Books play as important a role in dissemination of knowledge among the children as among the adults. The educational importance of children’s literature cannot, therefore, be over-emphasized. The type of books a child reads goes a long way in conditioning his mental attitude and behavior in adult life. An increase in the production of children’s literature as well as a careful watch over their content is necessary.
As has repeatedly been stressed by specialists in the field, children’s books must be conceived in terms of the young readers’ own universe so that he can understand his own socio-cultural environment. In Pakistan, however, as in other developing countries children’s literature was more or less confined only to fairytales. No organised effort was made to prepare and publish books for the citizens of tomorrow till 1973. It was then that the Government—sponsored’ ‘National Book Foundation’ under-took preparation and circulation of books for children on a mass scale. Subjects of interest to the child were picked up and in its First Book Probe the Foundation printed 6,000 copies each on 19 titles.
For the first time the children in Pakistan had books, written in their own national language, which were well written, beautifully illustrated and highly informative. The Second Book Probe launched in 1974-75 consisted of 52 titles and a print run from 86,000 to 1,93,000. The Second Probe included a Children’s encyclopedia—the first of it’s kind in Urdu with over 450 illustrations, more than half of which are in colour. The National Book Foundation is now embarked on a “Book a week” programme and the scope of the programme has also been widened with the increase in the number of titles.
The aim of these Probes is two fold: to inculcate reading habit in the rural child who has never had the benefit of any supplementary reading before this, and secondly, to change the reading habits of the urban child to whom the only books available so far have been Fairy-tales and Comics. It is time he was weaned away from Tarzan and Red-Riding Hood. Needless to say the emphasis is on original writing so that the child’s interest can be roused in his own language, literature and heritage. In keeping with this the illustrations of the children books are based on real life and our own environment. Even the imaginative pictures have some relation to the needs and aspirations of our children.
The first 19 titles in Urdu brought out by the National Book Foundation were accepted as some of the best in Asia by a Panel of Judges at the UNESCO exhibition of children’s Books in Tokyo in 1973. These are also now available in the Munich Children’s Library and have widely been acclaimed by experts here and abroad.
As part of a programme to promote children’s literature Pakistan Post office is issuing a special stamp of 20 Paisa on 15.12.1976.

Quaid-e-Azam Centenary Jamboree (November 20, 1976)

Stamp is vertical in format. Quaid-e-Azam, clad in black Sherwani and Jinnah Cap is shown taking scout salute at the right side against a dark green back-ground with a curved ending at top bearing the wording “Quaid-i-Azam Centenary Jamboree” In red. The specially designed Scout Jamboree Emblem with the saluting hand in the central leaf and encircled by a rope with the words ‘Unity’ ‘Faith’ and ‘Discipline’ incorporated appears in the top left corner in Green, Red and Black colours. ‘Pakistan’ in English and Urdu appears in reverse form at the bottom just beside the Quaid’s portrait. The denomination of ‘20P’ with the word ‘Postage’ underneath appears in black at the top left portion of Green background. The date ‘Nov-1976’ appears in yellow in the top right corner of the green background.
The 7th Pakistan National Scout Jamboree, also known as Quaid-i-Azam Centenary Jamboree, will be held at Fortress Stadium, Lahore, from November 15 to 22, 1976. Pakistan Post Office is issuing a postage stamp of 20-Paisa denomination on the 20th November, 1976 to commemorate the occasion. This Jamboree coincides with the centenary celebrations of the First Chief Scout and Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Au Jinnah. The Quaid-i-Azam Centenary Jamboree is a mile stone in the history of Scouting in Pakistan in which the Scouts will be able to know the glimpses of the teachings and behest of the Father of the Nation and his Motto of Faith Unity and Discipline. In this Jamboree an attempt has also been made and to restate the principles and teachings of Quaid-i-Azam and to interpret them for the guidance of young and old scouts. In Pakistan, Scouting started from scratch in December, 1947. with the blessings of the Quaid-i-Azam who agreed to become the First Chief Scout of Pakistan. The Pakistan Boy Scouts Association established its permanent National Headquarters at Karachi. There are now six branches affiliated to the Pakistan Boy Scouts Association with a total membership of 108028. The Pakistan 8oy Scouts Association, as a national body, is affiliated to the World Scout Bureau, located in Geneva, There are 109 countries of the world at present affiliated to the World Scout Bureau and the total membership is 14 million.
Since the Boy Scout Movement had become world-wide, it was thought advisable to bring the boys together, every four years so as to make them realise the importance of the Scout Law, particularly the 4th Scout Law, which runs as follows:- A Scout is a friend of all, brother to every other Scout no matter to what country, class or creed the other may belong.”
There were altogether about 50 000 Scouts in Pakistan in 1948. To-day the number exceeds 100,000. The quality of Scouting has also been steadily improving. All this has been possible with the constant supply of trained Scouts. To begin with, there were two Provincial Training Centres in the Punjab, at Walton and Ghora Gall and one In NWFP. at Takiya (Abbottabad). Later on a Training Centre was established at Quetta. Training Camps were also held at Ziarat, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Multan, Rawalpindi, Karachi etc.
Sea and Air Scouting has been started in Karachi. The Air Scouts have a fine Headquarters of their own. Both Sea and Air scouting will provide an added attraction to the older boys in a Scout Troop.
Scouting for the physically handicapped boys is a very beneficial extension of the Pakistan Boy Scouts Association. These boys feel isolated and their lives are generally dull and dreary. Scouting provides them with fun and fellowship. More then 500 handicapped boys are now regular Scouts. Their hearts are filled with joy when they camp out with other Scouts. In this 7th National Jamboree being held at Lahore from 15th to 22nd November 1976, the number of participants is expected to be 12,000 from home and abroad. 500 Scouts from Libya, Indonesia, India, Iran, U.S.A.. Sudan and Bangladesh will also be participating. The Pakistan Boy Scouts Association has participated in various World and Regional Scout Events—Scouts Conferences, Jamborees, Moots, Indabas, etc,
Pakistan Boy Scouts Association brings out two periodicals, namely, the “Pak-Scout”, which was started in September, 1948, “Almustaid”, which is published in urdu.

Iqbal Centenary Commemoration (November 9, 1976)

Stamps are in horizontal and rectangular format. One the famous verses of Allama Iqbal appears

in stylized calligraphy in the blue colour rectangle at right. The first line of the verse appears in white against a light blue colour background representing the sky while the second line appears to float on a wave of river represented by the dark blue portion. The wording “Allama Iqbal Centenary 1977” appears in reverse form at the bottom of the stamp. “Pakistan” in Urdu and English together appears in orange colour at the top of the violet panel at left. The denomination figure with the word ‘Postage” underneath appears in reverse form at the bottom of the panel.

Pakistan. Post Office is issuing a promotional commemorative Postage Stamp of 20 Paisa on 9th November 1976 to announce Allama Iqbal Centenary Year which falls in 1977. Similar promotional stamps were brought out on 9th November 1974 & 1975.

Iqbal the great poet philosopher and visionary who played a dominant role in the renaissance of Muslims of India was the first to give a concrete shape to the Muslim aspirations in India for a separate homeland and has rightly been described as the ‘spiritual father of Pakistan.’ Coming from a highly respected family of Kashmiri Brahmins who were converted to Islam some three hundred years ago, Iqbal was born at Sialkot on 9th November 1877.

Iqbal received his early education at the Scotch Mission School and the Murray College, Sialkot. He obtained his Masters degree in Philosophy from the Government College, Lahore. His learned Professor, Sir Thomas Arnold, recognizing his genius, persuaded him to go abroad for higher education. He stayed in Europe from 1905 to 1908 and studied Law and Philosophy at the Universities of Heidelberg, Munich and Cambridge. He was awarded a Ph.D. by the Munich University on his renowned Thesis ‘The Development of Metaphysics Persia.’

Although essentially a poet and a philosopher, he was also actively associated with practical politics and played a leading role in the struggle for the emancipation of the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent. Presiding over the annual session of the All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930 he boldly asserted the Muslims demand for the creation of Muslim India within India. He firmly believed that Indian Muslims were entitled to a full and free development on the lines of their own culture and tradition for which a separate homeland was necessary.

This great poet and thinker and upholder of the cause of Muslim fraternity throughout the world breathed his last on 21st April, 1938 in Lahore and is buried in the premises of the historic Badshahi Mosque there.

The early period of Iqbal’s poetry is based upon mostly nationalistic ideas and his love nature, His stay in Europe, however, galvanized his thoughts and after returning to India he was no more a poet of narrow nationalistic feelings. From then onwards one finds in his poetry a dominant note of anti colonialism and a burning rage against the unhealthy influence of western modes of thoughts and feelings. He was imbued with an over-powering passion for the reassertion of the spirit of Islam. His book ‘Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam’ is regarded as a great contribution to Muslim thought, particularly so because of its emphasis on ‘Ijtihad.’

Iqbal’s philosophy has two important aspects.
( i ) Universality and
( ii ) Particularity.

He believed in the reality of the individual ego and argued as well for life in a higher, comprehensive, all embracing spiritual world. He believed, on the one hand, in the emancipation and freedom of the Muslims of lndo-Pakistan Sub-continent and on the other, he argued for the unity of Muslim nations all over the world. Iqbal’s political philosophy is not atomistic but organic in that it implied the formation of an association of Muslim countries to better their own lot and be upholder of peace and justice throughout the world.

His verses in Urdu and Persian and his monumental treatises have been translated into almost all the important languages of the World and found wide recognition in Iran, Turkey, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Italy, USSR etc.

An academy named after him has been established by the Government of Pakistan to promote and disseminate the messages and teachings of Allama lqbal. It is devoted to research on the life, poetry and thoughts of Iqbal and those branches of learning in which he was associated with or interested in. The Government of Pakistan has decided to celebrate the Birth Centenary of Allama lqbal in November, 1977 in a befitting manner, for which preparation is afoot.

Universal Children Day (October 4, 1976)

Stamp is horizontal in format. Provision of basic services to children. such as better health care, water supplies, nutrition, education and vocational training are symbolically represented on the right side of the stamp against a blue background. A square maze in yellow colour against a blue background denotes the complex problem of reaching these services to a destitute child whose face appears within a small square inside the maze. The slogan \"Reach the Unreached\" appears at the top of the maze from which a path in light blue colour leads to the destitute child. The caption \"All Children Need Basic Services\" appears at the bottom of the stamp in red colour. \'Pakistan\' in Urdu and English one above the other, appears in red at the top of the blue panel at right. The denomination figure \'20P\' with the world \'postage\' alongside appears in black at the bottom of the blue panel.
Ever since 1954 when the General Assembly of the United Nations declared unanimously that one day in the year should be set apart for honouring the world\'s children and for reminding us of their special needs, the first Monday of October each year is being observed as Universal Children\'s Day. A special theme is chosen for the day to emphasize a particular problem facing children. This year the theme emphasizes the most basic needs of the most deprived children in the world. The focus is on the fact that \"All Children Need Basic Services\" with a special slogan \"Reaching the Unreached\". On this day, the public media, educators, social scientists and government officials are urged to recognize and publicize children\'s basic needs. As part of this promotional programme, Pakistan Post Office is issuing a special stamp on the day, Throughout the developing world some 250 million children are growing up without the benefit of the most elementary care in health, education, nutrition and social services. The need for these basic services is specially acute in the rural areas. Malnutrition claims the lives of too many children and permanently weakens many others. Women who otherwise might be able to invest their time, talents and energies in improving their families\' wellbeing are forced to spend countless hours in the frustrating drudgery of fetching water from long distance and grinding grain etc. Where schools exist, they are often overcrowded, poorly equipped and staffed by inadequately trained or untrained teachers using outmoded teaching methods and syllabi. Youngsters who manage to survive all these perils of childhood confront a future with neither the protection nor the preparation to lead healthy and productive lives. The piecemeal solutions to these problems have proved ineffective. Accordingly the 1976 UNICEF Executive Board session observed that the needs of children and mothers in un served and under served areas can most effectively be met by developing a group of basic and inter-related services.
The fundamental principles of the approach include the active participation of the community itself in a group of \"interrelated\", mutually-supportive activities ranging from maternal and child health care, including family planning, safe water supply and waste disposal to production and consumption of better food, basic education and simple technologies to lighten the daily tasks of women and girls. The other characteristic is the use of many more auxiliaries by existing national social services network who provide the links between the national services and the \"front-line\" workers in villages and urban shantytowns. Utilization of village level community health workers to better reach the remote and disadvantaged areas is an important feature of the health programme. To protect the children against childhood diseases, the poly immunization programme has been given a high priority. In fact the programme with UNICEF assistance has already been launched on a pilot phase in Islamabad, Peshawar and Karachi, and lessons learned from the experiment will be applied during the expansion phase 1977-1981.
If we can work to fulfill the goals as enunciated, we will have gone a long way in building a larger network of basic services for hundreds of millions of children In developing countries leading to a more peaceful and secure world.

Combat Racial Discrimination (September 15, 1976)

The stamp is horizontal in format. The racial discrimination emblem of U. N. which comprises the green wreath and the globe consisting of white, black, yellow and brown nucleus, representing the four human races of the world appears in the centre of the stamp against a light grey background. The slogan ‘COMBAT RACIAL DISCRIMINATION” appears at the bottom of the stamp in bold lettering in magenta colour. Denomination figure ‘65’ is placed on the top left corner while the word ‘postage’ in small lettering on the top right corner both in cyan colour. The word ‘Pakistan’ in English and Urdu appear in black on the right and left sides of the stamp respectively.
The decade beginning from 10th Dece-mber,1973 is being celebrated internationally as a ‘Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination’. The General Assembly has appealed to the Governments, United Nations Organs and Specialised Agen-cies to participate in the observance of the Decade by intensifying efforts towards ens-uring reduction in racism and racial discrimination.
The purpose of the observance of “Decade for Action to Combat Racial Discrimination” internationally is to achieve substantial progress in eliminating all forms and manifestations of Racism and Racial Discrimination (including the policy of apartheid) and for ensuring the equality for all and full realisation by all of the civil, political, economic social and cultural rights as well as the right of people to self determination without any distinction on the basis of race, colour and ethnic origin. This is expected to promote further a respect for an’d an observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms throughout the world. The measures proposed to combat discrimination include interalia, the following
A. Implementation of the United Nations Resolutions bearing on the elimination of racism, apartheid, racial discrimination and the liberation of peoples under colon ial dom-ination and alien subjugation.
B. Ratification of:
(i) International Convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination.
(ii) International Convention on the suppression and the punishment of the crime of apartheid.
(iii) The international covenants on human rights.
(iv) And all other relevant instruments.
C. Formulation and execution of plans to review the policy, measures and goals con-tained in the programme for the Decade.
D. Review of internal laws and regulations with a view to identifying and rescinding those which provide for, give rise to, or inspire racial discrimination or apartheid.
The people of Pakistan comprise a relatively homogenic racial group and following the precepts of Islam a universal religion-that advocates tolerance for all people, irrespective of race, colour, sex and creed have not faced the problem of racial discrimination. However, with a view to implementing the ‘Convention’ on elimination of all forms of racial discrimination the National Assembly of Pakistan has passed Act VI of 1973. This Act together with the Constitution and other laws of the country contains provisions which would enforce the Convention if ever the problem of racial discrimination arose.
The Constitution and the laws of Pakistan, guarantee that there shall be no racial discrimination in the fields of political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights and contain adequate provisions guaranteeing people belonging to all races effective protection and remedies through the compe-tent national tribunals against any act of racial discrimination. Article 199 (I) (c) read with Article 25 of the Constitution provides effective safeguards in this respect.
So essential has the protection of minorities been considered by the framers of the Constitution that three provisions have been made on the subject, The preamble says that “adequate provision shall be made for the minorities freely to progress and practice their religion and develop their cultures”, Article 33 says “The State shall discourage parochial, racial tribal, sectarian and provincial prejudices among the citizens”. Article 36 says that “The states shall safeguard the legitimate rig-hts and interests of the minorities, including their due representation in the federal and provincial services.
In fact discouragement of all kinds of discrimination on the basis of race, descent ethnic origin is one of the basic norms of the Pakistani society. Children are taught the basic precepts of Islam in their school which preach that there is no distinction among human beings, no mater what their race, colour ethnic origin or language.
To commemorate the ‘Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination’ the Pakistan Post office is issuing a postage stamp of 65 Paisa denomination on 15th September, 1976.

Save Moenjodaro (August 31, 1976)

The stamp is horizontal and a parallelogram in format. In the central square portion is shown general view of Moenjodaro citadel area, the salinity affected area being visible in the foreground. The caption “Save Moenjodaro” runs along the top of the square in black. The UNESCO emblem and the denomination figure with the word ‘postage’ underneath appear respectively at the top left and right side of the square in black. In the triangular portion at left appears one of the archaeo1ogical finds of Moenjodaro the bronze statue of “the dancing girl” against an enclosing red background.
In the triangular portion at right appears another famous archaeological find of Moenjodaro” the King Priest “ against an enclosing background of blue colour, “Pakistan” in English and Urdu appears in the top left and bottom right corners of the stamp respectively in black, Moenjodaro was one of the main centres of culture that flourished in the Indus valley 5,000 years ago. This archaeological site is now in danger as a result of erosion caused by rising underground water level. It is the opinion of experts that, unless pres-erved, Moenjodaro is in danger of total destruction within the next 30 years.
Measures to Save Moenjodaro have been devised by the Pakistani authorities with the help of UNESCO experts. The total cost of the priority work will be 7,500,000 dollars arid it will take 5 years to complete it It is obvious that for a task of this magnitude the technical and financial resources of Pakistan are not sufficient.
As a part of an international appeal for assistance to preserve Moenjodaro, the Pakistan Post Office in collaboration with the Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro (Pakistan) has arranged to bring out a series of commemorative stamps for public motivation. The first issue of the Save Moenjodaro Series consis-ted of a set of five stamps of different denominations and was brought out on 29th February, 1976. As indicated previ-ously Pakistan Post Office will be issuing a stamp in this series after every three months for a period of one year.’ Accordingly the third issue is being brought out on 31st August, 1976 This is a 65 Pais7a stamp.
PROBLEMS FACING MOENJODARO AND THEIR REMEDIAL MEASURES
It is a paradox of facts that the ruins of Moenjodaro buried beneath the accumula-tions of five thousand years remained in an excellent state o( preservation. But as soon as they were exposed from oblivion to the incredible gaze of the 20th century, they were overtaken by water logging and salinity. These two diseases combined with the threat of bank erosion by the Indus River, pose a grim danger to the existence of one of the most valuable cultural lega-cies of’ the human race If ever the world felt concerned for sinking Venice, it must feel desperate at the crumbling of Moenjodaro. if ever the world’s conscience was roused to save Abu Simbel, [t must be shaken to save Moenjodaro.
The phenomenon of salt encrustation on the bricks and structures of the ruins was noticed during and immediately after the excavations in the early twenties. The swelling of water-table, which had already risen by several feet during the excavation period, was observed to be the main cause of decay of the structures. Certain chemical measures for the preservation of these ruins were adopted, but these methods were a palliative and not a cure of the malady The site was left unattended for several years during the Second World War and in this interval, the effect of salts and the defective drainage played havoc on the remains. In 1940, efforts were made to remove salts from the structures and the remains of the Great Bath were washed with plain water and given chemical treatment. in 1948 mud plaster and mud brick capping was applied to some structures with considerably successful results. These homespun techniques have been in use since then to the extent of the available funds. In nature and scope these techniques, however, serve only to slow down the rate of disintegration of the remains.
The importance of the archaeological remains at Moenjodaro attracted the atten-tion of specialists and laymen alike, it is doubtful if any advanced country, had it inherited Moenjodaro, would have done more for its preservation than what has been done so far by Pakistan despite her tight economy. In 1960, the Government of Pakistan opened negotiations with the UNESCO, inviting their technical advice in response to which a number of individual experts and missions of experts have since visited the country to study the situation and suggest remedial measures.
In order to save this priceless heritage from total extinction, the Government of Pakistan have prepared a Master Plan, which has since been approved by the UNESCO. Besides, UNESCO have also pledged to make financial contribution towards the execution of the aforesaid Master Plan.

Quaid-e-Azam Centenary 1876-1976 (August 14, 1976)

The Stamps are printed in a set of eight, the lower portion containing 4 Stamps of vertical format and the upper portion containing four stamps of almost square shape. The vertical stamps bear Quaid-1-Azam ‘s Portrait which is green in Rs. 3/- value, Brown in 50P, Blue in 40P and Mauve in 20P value stamps. The Quaid-I-Azam’s Mausoleum, ‘Minar Qarardad - e - Pakistan, Sind Madressah and Wazir Mansion have been shown in back-ground of Rs. 3/- 50P, 40P arid 20P value stamps respectively. In the bottom words ‘Pakistan” in Urdu and English appear in Red in Rs 3/- and 40P stamps while in 50P and 20P stamps these words are in Blue colour. -The denomination figure with the word “Postage” under-neath appears in Black in the bottom right corner of each stamp. The wordings “Quaid-i-Azam Centenary 1976” appears in black in two lines at top of each stamps.

DESCRIPTION OF SMALLER (HORIZONTAL) STAMPS : The upper four stamps have hexagon shaped motif in the centre with decorative corners around. The wordings in Urdu appear in Black at centre of hexagon’ Word “ Pakistan “ in Urdu and English appear in Black iii the bottom right and left corners of the stamps while the word “Postage” and year “1976” are on the top left and right corners respectively. The denominations Re. 1/-, 15P, 10P and 5P are printed in black in the lower portion of motif of Green, Mauve, Orange, and Blue colours respectively. The corners are blue in Re, 1/- stamps, Bluish Mauve in 15P, and in l0P aid 5P stamps these are Red and Green respectively.

Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan, invites comparison with some of the greatest names, in modern times; Washington, Bismarck, Cavour, Garibaldi, Lenin, Ataturk. Yet in the galaxy of nation -builders, Jinnah holds a unique position, at least in one sense. While others assumed the leadership of traditionally well-defined nations and led them to freedom, he created a nation out of an inchoate and backward minority, and established a cultural and national home for it. And all that within a decade,

Born on 25 December-1876 in a prominent mercantile family of Karachi and educated at Sind Madressah-tul Islam and the Mission School, he joined the Lincoln’s Inn in 1892 from where he was called to the bar three years later. Starting out in the legal profession with nothing to fall back upon except his native ability and determination, young Jinnah became Bombay’s most successful lawyer, within a few years.
Once he was firmly established in his profession Jinnah entered politics in 1906 from the platform of the Indian National Congress. Four years later, in 1910, he was elected to the newly constituted Imperial Legislative Council. All through his parliamentary career which spanned some three decades, his was probably the most powerful voice in the cause of Indian rights.

For about two decades since his entry into politics in 1906, Jinnah was a confirmed nationalist. Gokhole, the foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had once said of thin, “He has true stuff in him and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity” And, to he sure, he did become the architect of Hindu-Muslim unity: he was responsible for the Congress League pact of 1916-the only pact ever signed between the two organizations which represented the two major communities of the subcontinent. Thus by 1917 Jinnah had established his reputation as one of the most outstanding and highly respected political leaders of India. He was not only prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was at the same time the president of the Muslim League and the Bombay Branch of the Home Rule League.

A Constitutionalist to the marrow of his bones, Jinnah believed in evolutionary methods and detested the use of violence in politics. He was averse to rousing the masses through emotional appeals and told Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in December 1920. “Your way is the wrong way, mine is the right way— the constitutional way is the right way”.

Although Jinnah left the Congress soon after, he continued his efforts towards bringing about Hindu -Muslim. entente which he rightly considered “the most vital condition of Swaraj”. However, because of the deep distrust between the two communities as. evidenced by the countrywide communal riots and because the Hindus failed to meet the genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. The Nehru Report (1928) which negative the minimum Muslim demands embodied in the Delhi ‘Muslim Proposals of 1927. proved to be the last straw. It meant “the parting of the ways” for him, as he confessed to a Parsee friend at the time. Jinnah’s disillusionment at the course of politics is the subcontinent prompted him to settle down in London in the early thirties. He was, however, to return to India in early 1934 at the pleadings of his co-religio-nists, and assume their leadership, . He now began organizing the Muslims on one platform : not only. did he reorganize the Muslim League as a mass organization, with a concrete and progressive political programme and a flag of its own, but .he also undertook countrywide tours to reach the League message to the remotest corner in the subcontinent. The policy of the Congress which took office in July 1937 in seven out of eleven provinces. convinced the. Muslims, that in the Congress scheme of things, they could live only at sufferance and as “second .(I~5.s” citizens. The Congress governments, it may be remembered. had embarked upon a policy and program in which the Muslims did not feel their religion, language and culture safe.

When Jinnah took up the leadership of the Muslims in 1936, they were a mass of disgruntled and demoralized men and women, politically disorganized and destitute of a clear-cut political programme. And yet within three brief years he had, awakened the listless Muslims to new consciousness, organized them on one platform, and had given coherence, direction and expression to their innermost, yet vague urges and aspirations. In addition he filled them with his own indomitable will his own undying faith in their destiny. From a mere rabble, he made them into a nation-united, strong and self-concious.

Presently, Muslims consciousness was stirred to a new pitch, and a hundred million Muslims, who were till then dismissed as a backward .minority, discovered, under Jinnah’s aspiration, their soul and destiny.

In discovering the fact of Muslim nationhood f Jinnah had formu1ated the intellectual justification for launching the demand for a Muslim homeland in the Muslim majority areas of The’ subcontinent. This demand he formally launched in 1940.

Yet, as is well known to any student of history, there is many a hurdle between the perception of an idea and its consummation. And hurdles’ almost insuperable hurdles, he did encounter at every stage. That he did surmount them may be attributed to quote Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha, to his “deep-rooted strength of conviction, his indomitable courage, political tact and tenacity of purpose.

Jinnah devoted the last years of his life, in consolidating Pakistan and in securing her survival in un easy, treacherous circumstances.

In accomplishing this task, tremendous as it was, he worked himself to death. “How true was Pethick Lawrence the last Secretary of State for India, when he said “Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin: Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan.

No wonder, the nation remembers him with gratitude and his memory is as fresh as ever today in the minds of 65 million Pakistanis.

12th Anniversary of R.C.D. (July 21, 1976)

Colour portraits of Quaid-i-Azam, Raza Shah the great and Kemal Ataturk are depicted separately on 20 Paisa, 65 Paisa and 90 Paisa Stamps respectively. The portraits appear within decorated golden frames diagonally placed in the square format of the stamps. The letters R.C D. in a stylized form appear in the top corner with “Anniversary underneath in grey colour Pakistan in Urdu in a stylized form appears in the bottom corner and in English just below the frames also in grey. The R.C.D. insignia appears in the right corner and the denomination figures in the left corner with the word “Postage” underneath in blue colour. All denominations appear together as a set in a sheet of 60 stamps.
R.C.D has made rapid progress during the past twelve years, and is now considered as the embodiment of supranational unity and inter-regional integration. In order to make the cooperation more fruitful the three heads of states decided in the Izmir Summit Conference held in April’ 1976, that R.C.D. would be codified and would be converted into a free trade area within a period of ten years; the experts committee on trade and tariff has already set to work out the details whereby the objective of free trade area may be achieved within this stipulated period of time.
In the field of Postal Communication there is extensive collaboration within the three Postal Administrations. Lately it has further been decided to hold R.C.D. Philatelic Exhibitions in the three member countries by rotation. The 1st R.C.D. exhibition is being held in Karachi (Pakistan ) on 21-7-76.
In order to mark the 12th Anniversary of R C.D. Pakistan Post Office is issuing a set of three stamps on the occasion.
The subjects for this year are:
1. QUAID-I-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Au Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was born on 25 December 1876 in a prominent mercantile family of Karachi. He joined the Lincoln’s Inn in 1892 and was called to the Bar three years later. Mr. Jinnah entered Politics in 1906 from the platform of the Indian National Congress: four years later he was elected to the newly constituted legislative coun-cil All through his parliamentary Career which spanned some three decades, his was probably the most powerful voice for Indian rights. For about two decades he was a confirmed nationalist, and it was largely due to him that the Congress League Pact of 1916 was signed which brought the two major communities of the subcontinent closer but the Nehru report of 1928 which negated the minimum Muslim demands embodied in the Delhi Muslim Proposal of 1927 meant “the parting of the ways” for him.
Mr. Jinnah took up the leadership of the Muslims in 1936 and organised them on one platform and from a mere rabble he made them into a nation-united, strong, and self conscious, in discovering the fact of Muslim Nationhood, .Jinnah formulated the intellectual justification for launching the demand for a Muslim homeland in the Muslim majority areas of the subcontinent. This demand he formally launched in 1940 and a new country named Pakistan appeared on the map of the word on 14th August, 1947 under his great leadership. Jinnah devoted the last years of his life in consolidating Pakistan and in securing her survival in uneasy, treacherous circumstances. In accomplishing this task, tremendous as it was, he worked himself to death. How true was Pethick Lawrence. the last Secretary of State for India, when he said, “Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin. Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan.”
2 KEMAL ATATURK
Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey and the first president of the Turkish republic was born in 1881 in Salonika. After graduating from the Military Academy and General Staff College, he was appointed to a cavalry regiment in Damascus where, together with some of his friends, he founded a secret society called ‘‘Fatherland and Freedom.
When World War 1 broke out he was appointed to the command of the 19th Division at Canakkale. At the end of Word War I in Istanbul there were two main ideas about Turkey’s future; the Sultan and his supporters were thinking of placing the country under English protection, while some intellectuals were spreading propaganda for placing Turkey under and American mandate. Mustafa Kemal. however, persisted in the idea of an independent Turkish nation living within its national boundaries and believed that this could be achieved if the nation was prepared for a new struggle.
On December 27, 1919 Mustafa Kemal transferred the seat of the national struggle to Ankara. and opened on April 23, 1919, the First Grand National Assembly of Turkey and elected its president As president of the Assembly Mustafa Kemal took upon himself the offices of the Prime Minister and of the President of the state. Thus ended the religious form of government that had existed in Turkey since the Middle Ages.
Mustafa Kemal now busied himself with the work of gaining control of such parts of the country as were then under occupation. First, in the east, the Armenians were defeated. After extensive guerilla warfare, the Fre-nch in the south evacuated Turkish territories and withdrew, to Syria and recognized the legitimacy of the National Government in Ankara. At this time of great anxiety the National Assembly appointed Mustafa Kemal the Commander in Chief, On August 26, 1922 after an all -out offensive planned and directed personally by the Greek army was defeated and forced within two weeks to leave Anatolia completely. After that he launched on a pro-gramme of reforms. On October 29, 1923 Mustafa Kemal proclaimed the Republic and was elected its first president and went on carrying out his programme of reforms. He closed down all institutions based on religious canon law, monasteries and religious orders. “Science is the most reliable guide in life,” he remarked and abolishing the traditional system of education which was mainly religious, he established secular schools of the modern tupe. The whole Ottoman legal system was modernized and a new civil and penal code was adopted. He established comp-lete equality between the sexes, including the right of electing and being elected. In 1928 he adopted Roman letters. In 933 the National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the name ATATUR1( (Father of Turks)
He died on November 10, 1938 in Istanbul as the first President of the Republic. 3. REZA SHAH, THE GREAT.
Raza Shah Pahlavi, the founder of modern Iran, was born at Savad Kuh in Mazandaran in 1878. He rose in the ranks of the Persian Cossack Brigade through sheer force of personality and natural ability. When the Anglo-Persian Treaty was about to be ratified by Parliament, on a cold day in February 1921, he marched on Tehran, with a few thousand men and overthrew the Government. Raza Khan was made Commander-in-Chief of the Army, becoming shortly afterwords Minister of War. He then became the Prime Minister.
In 1925, he was crowned Shah of Iran by the decision of the Constituent Assembly and thereafter Iran never looked back. He first put an end to internal disor-der, created a single, unified army, defeated rebel chiefs, disarmed the tribes and established the authority of the Central Government throughout the country.
He was untiring in his capacity for work, and no detail was too small for him to look into. He established a National Bank which was later given the monopoly of issuing bank notes; weights and measures were standardized and the first systematic budget introduced. New state schools were set up all over the country replacing the old religious establishments and education was made compulsory. The power of the nobility was reduced and class distinction began to disappear. Civil and criminal codes were introduced.
Then came the Second World War Iran declared her-self neutral, but the country’s geographical position once again affected the trend of her affairs When Germany attacked Russia, the strategic importance of Iran became all too apparent. The need of the Allies for a safe supply route for the Russian armies through rail link from the Persian Gulf to the north, led the British and the Russians to attack Iran simultaneously. As a result of this violation of Iran’s neutrality, Raza Shah the Great decided to abdicate in favour of his son the Crown Prince, who was then 22.
Raza Shah envisioned a new Iran, worthy of her past and capable of competing with advanced nations in every field of peaceful achievement. To realize this dream, he employed to advantage the unshakable force of his will.

Wildlife- Ibex (July 12, 1976)

Stamp is vertical in format. In Rs. 3/- denomination Ibex is shown against a clear blue sky with a mountain in distance while in 20 P it is shown standing near a mountain. ‘Pakistan’ in English- and Urdu is placed at the top of the stamp in red for Rs. 3/- and blue for 20p stamp. The slogan ‘Protect Wild Life’ is placed at the bottom of the stamp in blue and red colour res-pectively for Rs. 3/- and 20 P denomina-tion. The denomination figure appears in black below the word ‘Pakistan’ in Urdu with the word ‘Postage’ below and along-side the right edge in red colour.
The “Ibex Stamps” are the fourth in the series on the conservation of wildlife, being issued by the Pakistan Post Office. These stamps, have been planned for public motivation with a view to focus attention on the need to protect wildlife.
The Capra Ibex Sibirica inhabits the Western Himalayas on both sides of the main Himalayan range, and the mountain ranges which lie beyond Baltistan, Chitral, Hunza and Azad Kashmir. The Sind Ibex (Capra hircus blythi) which is known by the name of Sarah in Sind and Pashin in Baluchistan, is found in Kirthar National Park and in Baluchistan south of Quetta Division. It is a handsome bearded goat. The male is brownish grey in colour in winter and short haired yellowish or rufous brown in summer. The under-parts are whitish. Old males are light coloured. The horns of the male are long and scimitar like. They sweep back in a graceful curve. Horns of females are ribbed, much smaller, erect and curving slightly backward. A full grown male is about 37 inches high at the shoulder. The length is about 6—6 1/2 feet including tail which is small. Good horns measure 40 inches round the curve. Highly valued by sportsman, the biggest recorded horn size is 52.5 inches with a girth of 7 inches.
DISTRIBUTION: The genus Capra of the family of Ibex is rather widely distributed on the hills and mountains ranging from Alps, Caucasus down to Baluchistan and Kohistan of Sind. Sind Ibex is, however, distinctive from its closest neighbour, the Persian Ibex.
HABITS : The Ibex live in herds. ‘Like all goats they are active, agile and sure foot-ed. They get to rest on some commanding ridge from where the flock can obtain a view of surrounding slopes. Their food consists mainly of grasses (Censhrus, Dichanthium) and browsing of Acacia and Capparis. Sind Ibex can survive on very little water, under extremely arid condi-tions. It has been known to quench its thirst by licking the dew and by consump-tion of succulent xerophullous vegetation!. Although so hardy, good food and good rain have a marked influence on their breeding and in years of drought the breed-ing rate is rather low.
Ibex are fully grown at the age of 3; mating starts in September/October and the breeding time is February, gestation period being a little over S months. Generally a female gives birth to one young but sometime twins are also born.
The species is of special interest as being the chief ancestral stock from which the various breeds of domestic goats are derived.
STATUS: Before 1970, the species was much persecuted by the shikaree and its existence became endangered. Due to indiscreet shooting and dislocation of their natural habitat, their number registered a sharp decline. The present Government took immediate notice of its declining status and declared this species as protected. Consequently the number of Ibex in the northern areas has increased to about 4500. In Sind Kirthar Hills Range has been declared as National Park to provide complete protection to the Ibex besides affording an opportunity to the tourists to see this animal in its natural habitat. Now with the protection, conservation and im-provement of its habitat the animals have multiplied from a few hundred in 1970 to over 1000 in Kirthar National Park which is increasingly gaining importance as ~ fine place for out-door recreation.
Apart from Government action, the cooperation from the public is strongly needed for the protection of this rare and threatened species.

American Revolution Bicentennial 1776-1976 (July 4, 1976)

Rs 4/- STAMP; The stamp is horizontal in format and is based on one of the famous printings of John Trumbull. named “Declaration of Independence” banging in the Rotunda of the U S. Capital. The Ameri-can Revolution Bicentennial emblem (red and blue outli-ned star) appears in the top right corner. The wording “American Revolution Bicentennial 1776-1976” appears in blue In the top white panel, while the word Pakistan in Urdu and English appears in the side white panel at right. The denomination ‘Rs. 4’ with the word ‘postage’ appears in black in the bottom right corner.
90 PAISA STAMP. The stamp is horizontal in format. The Jefferson’s Memorial in light grey colour is shown against a dark blue background. The red and blue outlined star, emblem of American Revolution Bicentennial, appears in the white circle at the top right corner surrounded by the lettering “American Revolution Bicentennial 1776-1976” in black. The denomination figure 90P is placed in the top left corner in black with the word ‘postage I below alongside the left edge. “Pakistan” in English and Urdu appears in Yellow in the red panel at the bottom of the stamp.
The people of the Untied States of America are celebrating this year the Bicentennial of the American Revolution. The origins of that momentous event, which was to culminate in the birth of a new nation, can be traced to the first settlement of the North American continent, when men and women fled the religious, political and economic oppression of the Old World for freedom and opportunity in the New. Distance alone, given the primitive communications of the day, ensured that the ties between the two worlds, between ruler and subjects, must inevitably weaken as the vitality of the colonies grew stronger.
The “Declaration of Independence” adopted by the Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of America on July 4j976, served the purpose far beyond that of a public notice of freedom from foreign rule. Its political philosophy explicit in the words- “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights,, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”- has inspired many a nations and peoples the world over. As for the Americans themselves it was the beginning of a long and arduous task to found a society which could be an enduring expression of these ideals.
Two hundred years later,, the Americans have settled their continent and are now one of the richest nations in the world; rich in resources, rich in creativity and rich in strength. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, in an interview to “Saturday Review.” a well-known magazine, paid rich tributes to the American Revolution. He said: “The American Revolution may have been only an instant of historical time, confined only to a segment of the world’s space, yet its reverberations still live, and its echoes can be heard from distant shores. This resonance of the original American message is perhaps nowhere more perceptible than in a so-called Third World country like Pakistan”.
In response to a question concerning the impact of American Revolution on the political and social development of Pakistan, the Prime Minister said:
Those who have only a vague idea of Pakistan as a splintered and separate part of the amorphous geographical, cultural and ethnic entity that they have historically known as India can have little understanding of the implosions of our independence. They can, therefore, be hardly awa-re of the deep pertinence that American example holds for us. It is not a fact peculiar to Pakistan that some of the basic concepts which were crystallized by the American Revolution are legal tender in our constitutional currency. The philosophy of a written constitution as embodying fundamental law and also furnishing the central point of allegiance the consequent principle of the judicial review of legislation, the. idea of an equilibrium between central authority and the autonomy of constituent units all these, and more, have been imbibed by other Third World nations as much as by Pakistan.
Moreover, the memories of religious persecution in another land are as fresh, if even more grievous, in the minds of many who made Pakistan their home as they were in the minds of those who settled in the United States in previous centuries. We know the strains of immigration. We partake of the strivings of different ethnic groups to assimilate a common language. Pakistan and the United States have traditionally enjoyed close and cordial relations. The relations covering a wide range of political, economic and cultural cooperation have grown in depth and cordiality over the years. The people of Pakistan greatly value these ties and have the friendliest feelings for the people of the United States.
On this day, July 4,1976, when the American nation is celebrating the 200th anniversary of its independence, the people of Pakistan join in this festive commemoration. The Pakistan Post Office, on behalf of the Government and People of Pakistan issues this special United States of America Bicentennial Commemorative Postage Stamp as a mark of deep-rooted friendship existing between the United States of America and Pakistan.

Save Moenjodaro (May 31, 1976)

The stamp is horizontal in format. The figures in blue and black appearing on the right side of the stamp is a mythological figure taken from a statuette seal of a Unicorn at Moenjodaro. In the background is shown the ruins of Moenjodaro with the stupa of Kashan period in brown and orange colours. Bold and characterized inscription of the Seal appears in orange colour against brown background at the top of the stamp with UNESCO emblem in reverse at left. The caption “Save Moenjodaro” appears in blue at the top of the stamp. The denomination figure ‘20 P’ with the word ‘Postage’ underneath appears in reverse in the blue panel at right hand corner. ‘Pakistan’ in Urdu and English appears in black at the bottom left side of the stamp. Moenjodaro was one of the main centres of culture that flourished in the Indus valley 5,000 years ago. This archaeological site is now in danger as a result of erosion caused by rising underground water level. It is the opinion of experts that, unless preserv-ed, Moenjodaro is in danger of total destruction within the next 30 years.
Measures to save Moenjodaro have been devised by the Pakistani authorities with the help of UNESCO experts. The total cost of the priority work will be 7,500,000 dollars and it will take 5 years to complete it. It is obvious that for a task of this magnitude the technical and financial resources of Pakistan are not sufficient. As a part of an international appeal for assistance to preserve Moenjodaro, the Pakistan Post Office in collaboration with the Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro (Pakistan) has arranged to bring out a series of commemorative stamps for public motivation. The first issue of the Save Moenjodaro Series consis-ted of a set of five stamps of different denominations and was brought Out on 29th February, 1976. As indicated previ-ously Pakistan Post Office will be issuing a stamp in this series after every three months for a period of one year. Accord-ingly the second issue is being brought out on 31st May, 1976. This is a 20-Paisa stamp.
PROBLEMS FACING MOENJODARO AND THEIR REMEDIAL MEASURES
It is a paradox of facts that the ruins of Moenjodaro buried beneath the accumula-tions of five thousand years remained in an excellent state of preservation. But as soon as they were exposed from oblivion to the incredible gaze of the 20th century, they were overtaken by water-logging and salinity. These two diseases combined with the threat of bank erosion by the Indus River, pose a grim danger to the existence of one of the most valuable cultural lega-cies of the human race. If ever the world felt concerned for sinking Venice, it must feel desperate at the crumbling of Moenjodaro if ever the world’s conscience was roused to save Abu Simbel, it must be shaken to save Moenjodaro.
The phenomenon of salt encrustation on the bricks and structures of the ruins was noticed during and immediately after the excavations in the early twenties. The swelling of water table, which had already risen by several feet during the excavation period, was observed to be the main cause of decay of the structures. Certain chemical measures for the preservation of these ruins were adopted, but these methods were a palliative and not a cure of the malady. The site was left unattended for several years during the Second World War and in this interval, the effect of salts and the defective drainage played havoc on the remains. In 1940, efforts were made to remove salts from the structures and the remains of the Great Bath were washed with plain water and given chemical treat-ment. [n 1948 mud plaster and mud brick capping was applied to some structures with considerably successful results. These homespun techniques have been in use since then to the extent of the available funds. In nature and scope these techniques, however, serve only to slow down the rate of disintegration of the remains.
The importance of the archaeological remains at Moenjodaro attracted the attention of specialists and laymen alike. It is doubtful if any advanced country, had it inherited Moenjodaro, would have done more for its preservation than what has been done so far by Pakistan despite her tight economy. In 1960, the Government of Pakistan opened negotiations with the UNESCO, inviting their technical advice in response of which a number of individual experts and missions of experts have since visited the country to study the situation and suggest remedial measures.
In order to save this priceless heritage from total extinction, the Government of Pakistan have prepared a Master Plan, which has since been approved by the UNESCO. Besides, UNESCO have also pledged to make financial contribution towards the execution of’ the aforesaid Master Plan.

World Health Day (April 7, 1976)

The format of the stamp is horizontal. In a big rectangle at the right hand side of the stamp is shown a human eye appearing through a multi-colour screen of reverse and solid dots, emphasizing the importance of the eye on the one hand and drawing a contrast between colourful vision and total darkness due to blindness on the other. The slogan “Preven-tion of Blindness” appears in bold letters underneath the rectangle in red colour. In the white panel at the left side of the rectan-gle appears the word ‘Pakistan’ in English and Urdu at the top in blue colour. The W.H.O. emblem appears in the centre of the panel in green, yellow and black colour, while the denomination ‘20P’ appears at the bottom in black with the word ‘Postage’ underneath in blue colour.
The United Nations has declared April 7, 1976 as the day devoted to the “Prevention of Blindness” Eye sight is the choicest gift of God and an invaluable blessing. Every effort, therefore, must be made to protect this gift and to ensure its continued utility to the maximum and for the longest possi-ble period. This day should be observed by bringing home to the people how best the above objective can be achieved. Pakistan Post Office is bringing out a special stamp of 20-Paisa on this day to highlight the importance of the eye and the need to protect it.
Some simple rules which, when followed regularly, will ensure the well-being of the eye-sight are mentioned below:
1) Never read in dim light.
2) While reading, a distance between the reading matter and eyes should be at least 14 inches.
3) Avoid reading in dazzling light or with sunshine on the books.
4) Arrange testing of eye-sight at regular intervals.
5) Avoid reading in running trains or vehicles as the shaking affects the eyesight.
6) Wash the eyes with cold water every morning and evening.
7) Personal cleanliness helps prevent eye diseases.
8) Do not use some-body else’s towels and handkerchiefs.
9) Do not put any medicine in the eyes unless it is prescribed by some qualified doctor.
10) Use spectacles when advised by a qualified doctor.
11) There is hereditary blindness also. Therefore, it is necessary to consult a Specialist before marriage is arranged.
12) A good diet helps in preventing eye diseases particularly when it contains sufficient Vitamin ‘A’.
13) Never look at the sun with naked eyes.
With the built-in mechanism for safety and protection, and the observance of the above rules, the gift of eye-sight can be enjoyed uninterrupted except on rare occa-sions. There are normally some danger It is the duty of every Pakistani to donate eyes after death so that blindness due to corneal opacity may be eliminated in this country. Let every Pakistani resolve on this day of “Prevention of Blindness” to donate eyes after death as a service to humanity.

Wildlife- Peacock (March 31, 1976)

The format of the stamp is horizontal. A picture of Peacock of Pakistan origin appears in the centre of the stamp in its original colour. The slogan ‘PROTECT WILD LIFE’ appears at the bottom in black, in Rs. 3/-and in red colour in 20p stamp. The country name is at the top right hand corner in red colour in Rs. 3/- stamp and in blue in 20p stamps. The denomina-tion Rs. 3/- and 20p is on the top left hand corner in black. The word ‘Postage’ appears in black colour alongside the right edge of the stamp while the word ‘PEACOCK’ has also been shown in black along the left edge of the stamp.
The ‘‘Peacock Stamps” are the third in the series on the conservation of wildlife, be-ing issued by the Pakistan Post Office. These stamps, have been planned for public motivation with a view to focus attention on the need to protect wildlife.
The peacock is a very familiar bird and is almost universally known. It was gener-ally found in the outer Himalayas to the south and east of the Indus River, includ-ing Kashmir. Later it was introduced in parts of Sind e.g. Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Umarkot and Sehwan Areas, and now it stands fairly established with a semi feral status in Sind. It is also found in Bahawal-pur Division. It lives in the precincts of villages and cultivated areas in close asso-ciation with man.
The fan-shaped crest of spatula-tipped wire-like feathers together with the brilliant glistening blue neck and breast, and the sweeping metallic, bronze-green train boldly oscillated with purplish black-centered coppery discs or eye spots, make the cock unmistakable. Lower back is light bronze-green narrowly scalloped with black and buff. There is a good deal of chestnut in wings. Female is some-what smaller, similarly crested but without the sweeping train.
It keeps in small flocks or droves consisting usually of a cock and 3 to 5 hens. After the breeding season segregated par-ties of adult males and females with their immature broods are more common. In the wild state the birds emerge cautiously into forest clearings, and ploughed or newly sown fields in the early mornings and late afternoons to scratch the ground for food. An hour or so after sunrise they troop down to water places to drink, tripping gingerly over the dry leaves, craning their necks at every step and peering inquisitively through the bushes with the utmost circum-spection. They spend the heat of the day in impenetrable thickets of lantana and the like. Peafowl are possessed of phenomenally keen eyesight and hearing and are excessive-ly wary and wide awake at all times, duck-ing their heads and slinking away through the undergrowth on the least suspicion. The birds prefer to trust to their legs for escape, running one behind the other when driven by beaters and seldom take to wing except when flushed by a dog or to cross some open river-bed or ravine. When properly launched they fly strongly with rapid flaps and glides and dexterous twists and turns to avoid tree-trunks and other obstacles.
Peafowl roost at night in tall trees, the jungle resounds with their loud and ugly “may-awe” calls at dusk and early dawn before the birds descend to feed. Cocks arc quick to detect the presence of the larger cats on the prowl and herald the marauders’ progress through the forest with loud warning alerts which are taken up by other cocks and by lungur monkeys.
The species is omnivorous but generally feeds on seeds, grain, lentils, groundnuts, tender shoots of crops, flower-buds, berries, drupes, lizards, small snakes, insects and in and around villages also human excreta. In areas where it is semiferal and abundant it is destructive to cereal and ground-nut crops and a veritable scourge to the small farmer, vying with the monkeys in the work of devastation.
The display or dance of the cock consists of erecting and fully fanning out the oscil-lated train which is slightly tilted and arched forward. His half open chestnut wings are drooped at the sides and go through a continuous shaking or quivering. In this posture he faces the hen or (hens) and with legs partly flexed struts and prances from one foot to the other in mincing steps as if stalking her, an action reminiscent of the holding maneuver with arms stretched out.
It lays three to five eggs from June to October. Female alone incubates and incubation period varies from 26 to 28 days. The cock is polygamous.
This bird is getting very rare in the country and every effort is to be made for its preservation. For this purpose all the Provincial Governments have issued ordinance/acts with a view to regulating the measures aimed at conservation and multiplication of the wildlife in Pakistan. Accordingly, the peacock has been declared as a protected animal and its hunting has been banned all over the country. Government alone cannot do all that is needed for this purpose. The various measures adopted by the Government can bear fruit only if the public cooperates in the efforts aimed at the multiplication and conservation of one of the most beautiful species of the world. It is, imperative that people do not shoot the bird and refrain from disturbing its natural habitat.

Centenary of National College of Arts, Lahore (March 15, 1976)

The stamp is horizontal and rectangular in shape. The right portion of the stamp portrays the insignia of the “National College of Arts” consisting of red and green colour crescent and five corner star enclosing the miniature of the citadel on blue ground in white pseudo-triangle. The insignia appears inside a sun shaped rosette consisting of a hundred colour diamond shape rays symbolizing the versatility of the fine arts, colour variety, the ways and means in which the arts can contribute to the promotion of culture and civilization as well as the number of years during which the institution has spread its light. The motto of the “National College of Arts” is reproduced at the bottom panel. The slogan “100 years of National College of Arts, Lahore (Mayo School of Arts)”appears in left side on blue panel as well as the country name ‘Pakistan in Urdu and English in red and the value ‘20 P’ and the word ‘Postage’ in black.

In October. 1975, the National College of Arts, Lahore completed a hundred years of its existence. In the course of its long hi story, this institution, which evolved from the original Mayo School of Arts, has played a vanguard role in the cultural life not only of Pakistan but of the subcontinent. Among the teachers and students associated with this institution are the names of some of the most eminent perso-nalities in the field of arts and crafts in the sub-continent.
The centenary celebrations of the National College of Arts, Lahore, is an event of considerable importance in the history of our Arts and Crafts. It not only presents us with an opportunity to look back upon the road the National College has traversed as an institution but also provides an occasion to examine, assess and analyze the past, to understand the present, and to determine the future.

HISTORY: The Mayo School of Arts was established in 1875 to train craftsmen to produce marketable “object of arts” Indeed, the Mayo School of Arts was actually born out of an arts and crafts exhi-bition held on the premises now occupied by the Tollinton Market in Lahore. Imme-diately after independence in 1947, the School suffered a series of setbacks, and in 1950 a scheme for reshaping and up-grading the institution to the status of a college was proposed. As a result, the National College of Arts, was activated in 1958 with the purpose of training profes-sionals in the fields of Commercial and Fine Art, Industrial Design and Architec-ture. In 1962, the College was taken over by the Department of Technical Education and reorganized on the lines of a Poly-technic Institute. In August 1963, it was placed under the administrative control of a Board of Governors. Since May 1972, the administrative control has been taken over by the Federal Ministry of Education and a reconstituted Board of Governors which includes students and staff representatives has been set up.

PRESENT FORM: The only institution of its kind in Pakistan, the National College of Arts, in its present form, aspires to play the role of a pioneer, pathfinder and pacesetter in the field of education related to the visual (and industrial) arts and environmental design in the country. In recent years it has done some vigorous re-examination of objective. and educational methods and structuring of courses and curricula etc., and has made its experience and expertise available to other national institutions. The College itself is now consi-dering plans to expand both in size and in the scope of its training programmes, to open up facilities in new areas such as the performing arts and audio-visual media, and to offer scholars opportunities for post graduate research.

Centenary of First Telephone Transmission (March 10, 1976)

The stamp is horizontal in format. A dial of modern telephone is shown in the right side of the stamp in brown colour against a dark blue background. Inside the circle of the dial is shown in white outline the drawing of the 1st Telephone invented by Dr. Graham Bell with the year I 876 given underneath. The portrait of Dr. Graham Bell appears in the middle of the yellow panel at left in mauve colour. The caption ‘Centenary of 1st Telephone Transmission’ appears in reverse in the blue panel at the top. The denomination Rs. 3/- is given in the top right corner in yellow colour. ‘Pakistan’ in Urdu and English appear in red alongside the left edge of the yellow panel with the word ‘Postage’ underneath in green colour. The name of the inventor is given on the right side of the portrait.
The invention of Telephones has had tremendous influence upon the world and has contributed greatly in setting the pattern of modern life. For countless mil-lions of people in cities and on farms the telephone is an indispensable tool of living; in the hour to hour conduct of business, in the administration of government, in minor and major emergencies and in main-taining family and community ties. With the airplane, Bell’s telephone has made the world smaller and brought the people round the globe closer together.
Alexander Graham Bell,’ the inventor of the telephone was born in Edinburgh on March 3, 1847 and was educated in Edinburgh and London Universities. Be-cause of failing health, he migrated with his father to Canada and two years later settled in Boston in U.S.A. Like his father and his grand father young Bell was then devoting his life to educating the deaf, and had acquired considerable knowledge of physiology of human speech and hearing. In 1873, he became Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University, but soon he devoted more and more of his time to the invention of multiple transmission of telegram over the wire. This was the time when the Duplex system had been invented and Bell hoped that his six, electrically vibrated, reeds would lead to a better system of multiple telegraphy.
It has come down to US that on the afternoon of 3rd June, 1875, one or his reeds got stuck to its electromagnet When Bell told his Assistant, Thomas A. Watson, to pluck the sticking reed, Bell found in the adjoining room, that the corresponding reed began to vibrate and produce a sound of the same pitch. From this simple pheno-menon, Bell deduced correctly that if a single sound could be transmitted electri-cally, so could complicated human speech. A circular piece of gold beater’s skin was stretched over a small cylinder into which one could speak and the skin was connect-ed to a reed over an electromagnet. After preliminary trials, the first complete sen-tence, “Mr. Watson come here I want you”, was spoken by Graham Bell to his assistant on 10th March, 1876.
Bell showed his equipment at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, “The first step came in the next year when an out-door telephone line was run in Boston bet-ween the workshops of Charles Williams, (in which the first telephones were made by Watson), and William’s private residence in Somerville. Also in 1877, the first news dispatch was sent by telephone to the Boston Globe and this inaugurated the public use of the telephone. Thereafter the system expanded rapidly and the first tele-phone line and switch board for Commer-cial Service was installed at New Haven Connecticut in 1878 with 21 subscribers.
Telephone has come a long way since Alexander Graham Bell’s first crude ins-trument conveying human speech to only a few yards. Scientific progress has now overcome the barriers of distance, one by one, so that today there are no earthly limits to human speech. In a century’s time Telecommunication has developed into a major challenging technology. Transmission of intelligence from one place to another started with cod-ed signals over a single conductor. After undergoing different stages of technological achievements it is now possible to exchange information in forms of speech, television and telegraph signals almost around the entire globe. The process of development includes overhead/underground multi-channel carrier, high capacity coaxial cable, radio, H.F. VHF UHF micro-wave systems and latest of all the satellite communication system.
Successful attempts were made in 1962 to establish inter-continental communica-tion links via Telstar and relay satellites. Following this an international body known as INTELSAT (International Telecommu-nication Satellite) was formed in 1964 and Pakistan joined the organization as a mem-ber in 1965. A synchronous satellite moving with an angular velocity equal to that of the earth and located at 22,300 miles above the equator can provide a visual coverage of about one third of the earth’s surface. Thus, with 3 Synchronous Satellites located one each over Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans it is now possible to cover the entire globe.
In Pakistan the Satellite Earth station situated in Deh Mandro (35 miles from Karachi) started commercial operation on 15th November, 1972. The station provides international trunk service, public telegraph, leased teleprinter circuits, telex, voice-cast, radio photo and television services to a number of overseas countries. Through this station it has become possible for a Telex Subscriber in Pakistan to establish an overseas telex call by dialing directly from his machine. Live TV trans-mission around the world via satellite is now well known feature in Pakistan.